نشریه علوم و تکنولوژی محیط زیست
سال هجدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 69، تابستان 1395)

Undoubtely, concentration of green house gases increased in the atmosphere, so this caused an increasing in the earth temperature average.The best way in reducing of green house gases is the implement optimization of consuming energy and renewable energy and so Clean Development Mechanism.
This study implements perform software to consider five scenarios for the wood exploited in Iran Wood& Paper Industry. Essential economic analysis has been performed and efficiency of the optimization proceedings in diminishing greenhouse gasses has been evaluated. Also PIN reports regarding to this industry have been prepared.
Findings:Results show that by replacing boilers currently in use with boilers with higher efficiency, an approximate 6360*1012 Joules saving in energy consumption in project’s 12year duration would be attained. During the same period, emission of greenhouse gases would decrease about 360 kilo tons, which is equivalent to a 30 kilo tons reduction per year.
Discussion and Conclution: by Considering project’s investment requirement of 385 thousand dollars and its 13 year outcome of diminishing 360 kilo tons of greenhouse gas emission. Reduction amid low expenditures should support such projects so it could sell its supplemental. Coupons for 35 to 45 dollars per each ton of carbon dioxide in global markets.

Background and Objective): In this research the effectiveness of weather and climate parameters in incidence of accidents in the petrochemical industry was studied and management strategies to prevent these events have been presented.
Two of the petrochemical companies, one of them in Assaluyeh (named Zagros, located in warm climates) and the other one in Tabriz (in cold climates) were selected for pilot study. The required data were collected by questionnaire, interview and walking through under study fields. The analyses of data have been done by Excel, SPSS software and Correlation statistical test.
Findings: Climate parameters don’t have a directly impact on the petrochemical occupational accidents and there is no significant relationship between them.
Discussion and The role of climatic parameters in the incidence of accidents in the petrochemical industry is indirect. In fact, the thermal stress in the first stage caused unsafe conditions and then unsafe behavior, and finally cause human error and occupational accidents. In this study, appropriate solutions for instance engineering or managerial measures are also suggested in order to prevent accidents and injuries.

Energy consumption in food industries is high and increasing due to the growing population, inadequacy of cultivating farms, and life condition improvement. This growing consumption is a threat to the environment and human’s health. Sugarcane industries are considered as high consuming industries which have a tangible impact on the environment and emission of greenhouse gases. Sugarcane industrial energy consumption share among other industries is 4.3% and more than 70% in total energy of food industry consumption. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of CMD application on the reduction of fossil fuel energy consumption and GHGs emission reduction in Haft Tappeh Sugarcane Factory.
The results of the factory energy auditing indicated that one of the proper methods to benefit from CMD is to replace the old boiler which has low efficiency with a new boiler. Pre-feasibility assessment of the environmental and economical aspects of implementing the project has been calculated using “Proform” software. It ran through three scenarios assuming the investment, installation, and maintenance costs; the new boiler consumption rate with higher efficiency and cost-effectiveness of replacing the new system with the old one having lower efficiency. Calculation was based on carbon credit value in global market.
As results show in case if scenario C is applied, the Net Present Value (NPV) will equal 21,000,000 dollars and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) will become 39.18%. Carbon credit was considered 20 dollars based on the reduction of CO2 equivalent which was calculated by carbon supply and demand market for CERs of CDM projects that are sold and purchased in carbon exchange market. IRR is higher than 16% discount rate; consequently, it proves that implementing such a project is cost-effective. Provided that the new high efficient boiler is used, the emission of CO2 equivalent during implementing the project-25 years- will reduce to 763,353 ton equal to CO2 equivalent; furthermore, 13,607,000 GJ is saved on consumption of natural gas.
Considering the boilers with high energy consumption and low efficiency in this factory, the replacement of old boiler with the new one through CDM project is cost effective

Heavy metals are naturally presented in different chemical bonds within sediment. Different factors affect metals bonding in sediment. One of those factors is changing in Redox potential. Redox potential may change under oxic/anoxic conditions in the bottom sediments.
In the present study the effect of redox potential on fractionation and bonding of metals within Anzali international wetland bottom sediment is investigated.
Findings: Sediment samples of Anzali wetland were aerated for one month and redox potential and pH was measured at 0, 1, 7, 21, and 28th days. Subsamples of sediments at mentioned days of experiments were taken and analyzed for Cu, Zn, Ni, and Cr for deferent chemical bonds using sequential extraction analysis.
Discussion and Results revealed that majority of Cu were presented in the sulfidic/organic bonds while Zn was associated with Fe/Mn oxides. Nickel and Cr were mostly associated in hard residual bonds. At the end of aeration process, with increasing redox potential, 8-23% of metals were released from sediments into dissolved phase. They mainly released from sulfide/organic bonds.

Arsenic pollution in Hashtrood city was reported. Primary experiments of the stream water samples showed several times concentrations than standard. Total Contents of heavy metal in the soils of polluted villages of Hashtrood city and determining the relationships of these metals and soil properties are the goals of this research.
After field investigations and the soil sampling and analysis of soil physic-chemical properties and heavy metals, correlation coefficients and cluster analysis of data were determined.
Findings: Cu with OC and Al, Cr, and Mn with clay percentages of soil samples had positive correlation. Five main clusters were determined with cluster analysis that were in agreement with correlation coefficients.
Discussion and Counclusion: Low range of the soil pHs causes low correlation between soil heavy metals and pH. Selective adsorption of Cu by soil organic component is the reason of high correlation of this metal with soil organic matter. Positive correlations between clay and OC of the soil samples with some metals, indicate that these 2 soil components with metals fixing, reduce their release into environment. Other researches are necessary to determine geology and anthropogenic sources of these metals.

Forest roads are important components of forest management units and involving special roles in wood transporting and the other forest uses such as hunting, tourism, etc. One of the most important problems due to forest roads developing is increasing erosion of different forms of soils around roads, sediment yield resulting of vegetation destroy, ruining of soil structure, increasing run off velocity and instability of slope.
In this research, sediment due to existence forest roads was estimated in a part of Experimental Forest Station of Tarbiat Modares University using of SEDMODEL and GIS. In this model effective factors consist of geology, road, slope, precipitation, vegetation cover and drainage network.
Findings: Created erosion resulting of this road network was estimated about 1576.4 ton/year without considering SEDMODEL. This amount was estimated about 140.7 ton/year with considering SEDMODEL on basis distance of waterway.
Discussion and Results showed that the share of roads sediment yield is about 1.33 percent of watershed exit, but roads includes 0.017 percent of watershed areas. Paying attention to the covered areas by roads in watershed, the amounts of sediment yield is 78 equal of sediment yield average in watershed area.

Collection and treatment of landfill leaching is one of the most important challenges in the operation of municipal solid waste landfills. Since the most parts of Iran, due to the arid and semi-arid climate, are faced with the limited water resources, the study of landfill leaching-contaminated groundwater remediation is also very important.
In recent decades, extensive work has been done regarding the development and implementation of permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) but application of this method needs more investigations for landfill leaching-contaminated groundwater remediation. For this purpose, the groundwater remediation method by permeable reactive barriers was investigated in this paper. In addition, the granular activated carbon and natural zeolite were studied as a common media for the removal of organic pollutants in water.
For the experiment, leaching-contaminated water with a COD of 690, 1910 and 3100 (mg/l) was passed from the experimental model of permeable reactive barrier, filled with washed sand, granular activated carbon and natural zeolite, and COD removal rate was calculated in each condition.
Findings: The highest COD removal was obtained by granular activated carbon and the best performance was in the 690 (mg/l) concentration pollutants. Also, significant differences were not observed in the rate of COD removal efficiency by zeolite compare to sand.
Discussion and Therefore, in order to optimize the use of reactive media, the system must be arranged with layers of zeolite and activated carbon respectively and in a suitable distance from pollution source so that removal of pollutants by the soil can be used in addition to the proper removal of pollutants by each layer.

Increasing of degradation process in Chestnut (Castanea Sativa) pure stands as reserved forest in west of Hyrcanian forest led to genetic erosion of the stand. Understanding of ecological demands of plant species is necessary for their management and conservation. So we investigated on leaf morphologic characteristics of chestnut in response to different light regimes.
For this purpose 60 trees of natural stands around of Ebrahim Emamzade (in Shaft city located in Guilan province) were selected. Ten leaves (40 leaves from every tree) randomly were selected from four aspects of trees (north, south, east and west). These leaves were imposed by different light regimes. Some of the parameters such as lamina length, lamina width, distance from leaf base to the leaf maximum width, petiole length, nerves (counted variable), teeth (counted variable), leaf tooth width, leaf tooth length, tooth distance and tooth index were measured and analyzed after calculating the plasticity for each character in four aspects.
Findings: The plasticity values showed that there is no significant differences among four aspects of crown. The results indicated that plasticity of all studied characters is so low while the most value of C.V was belonged to leaf limb width (4.04%).
Discussion and The results of ANOVA showed that all studied parameters had no significant differences between surveyed aspects except distance from leaf corner to the most leaf limb width. Our finding confirmed that morphologic characters of Castanea sativa leaf has low flexibility in response to light conditions. We suggest that study of other ecological demands are necessary for presentation of accurate guidelines to forest managers.

The waste generation is the product of different human activities that have been transformed because of the change of life style and multilateral development. By progression in science and technology, waste management has been reviewed scientifically. Within the eight branches of functional elements of municipal solid waste management system, generation, collection and transportation have especial importance. The significance of waste generation is due to being the first loop in the chain of recycling and reducing production is the base of comprehensive solid waste management pyramid .Otherwise the greatest part of costs for managing solid waste systems relates to collection and transportation of wastes.
In this paper we described municipal solid waste management system and dynamic modeling methodology. After that we reviewed the literature research about dynamic modeling of municipal solid waste management systems. In the next step, we illustrated a dynamic model for generation, collection and transportation of wastes in the city of Tehran. Then we analyzed the findings from the base run of model and examined that with validation tests to gain accredited model.
Result& After achieving a valid model the improved scenario have been built based on 3R techniques and policy and sensitivity analysis. In Tehran city, emphasis on reducing production and decreasing of per capita waste generation, awaken citizens and officials on necessity of separation wet and dry wastes in era and Effort to improving the performance of Dry waste separation plan are the best options to manage generation ,collection and transportation wastes subsystems .

Afforestation stand of Ghapan region (with 232 ha-1 area) was selected for investigation of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Pinus brutia ten.
Three altitude classes (200-400, 400-600 and 600-800m) were classified and number of 30 sample plots (with 400m2 area) were selected by using of random – systematically method in every classes. Some of quantitative and qualitative characteristics were recorded in every sample plots. Also, three soil profiles (A and B horizons) were excavated in every three altitude classes for investigation of soil properties.
Findings: Results of this research showed that mean D.B.H and height was similar to normal distribution. Volume of high class (600-800m) was estimated more than the other two classes. Qualitative characteristics showed that plummet of stem, stem without branch, fresh of crown were climbing as crown symmetry and stem curvature were reducing with increase of altitude. Multi branch and stem healthy don’t show regular changes in relation to altitude changes. Soil studies showed no significant different in relation with altitude changes.
Discussion and Counclusion: The final result shows that pinus brutia ten stands with the best quality and quantity and it is visible in high altitudes.

The soil is an earth's limited natural resource and considered as the most important part of environment after water and air.
The special roles of soil in climate change, land degradation, food security and ecosystems are respectively subjects to UN Convention on Climate Change, UN Convention on Combating Desertification and the Convention on Biological Diversity as binding sources of international environmental law.
In order to study present or future opportunities and challenges in the field of soil conservation in international environmental law, and to explore required principles for elaborating an effective special legal system for sustainable use of soil, in this paper has been compared and analyzed binding/non-binding treaties related to natural resources conservation in global or regional levels.
Implemented studies within international environmental law instruments show that different approaches adopted on soil conservation and lack of integrity in its` required actions, have caused non-efficiency of the present instruments to preserve and sustainable use of soil with regards to all specific characteristics and functions. Therefore, establishing a comprehensive and special international legal system for conservation, management and sustainable use of soil seems to be necessary.

The purpose of this paper is expressing causes of development for legal environmental rules confronting with hazardous elements which endanger safety of human environment and consequently of its life. International environment law although has a very short time existence and constitute as a young branch of international law, but it has been able confronting to serious challenges of many branches of international legal system such as human rights and international economic law.
Finally, International environment law apparently has had an essential role in developing the law of international responsibility.
Propounding titles i.e. objective liability, liability arising out of non-prohibited acts in international law and etc. has been to some extent stemming from traces of international environment law on the system of international responsibility.

Studies were conducted on the changes occurring in the ovaries of adult female Kutum, (Rutilus frisii kutum Kamenskii, 1901) in Bandar-e Kiashahr in Southwestern of Caspian Sea during a yearly cycle (between two spawning period) from October 2007 to May 2008. No abnormalities or pathological changes in the ovarian or body of the investigated fish were detected. The aims of this study were confirm to timing, frequency and duration of the spawning period, monitor changes in the gonado-somatic index(GSI), relate (GSI) to the histological characteristics of the ovaries and describe the stages of Kutum oocyte and ovarian development.
64 kutum specimens caught and after separation to assess biological parameters such as length, body weight, gonad weight and sexual maturity stages, were measured and recorded. Gonad samples were taken monthly from the females stained with H&E stain and Samples were studied by light microscope. Different stages of oocyte development (nucleus changes, oocyte diameter and forming of yolk vesicle, yolk granules and lipid droplets) were surveyed.
Findings: Gradual trend of Gonadosomatic index in kutum during biopsy showed that Gonadosomatic index (GSI) began to gradual increase in March and reached the highest value (29.47±4.2) significantly in April and then suddenly drop in early may.
Discussion and According to the results gonad development of Kutum was synchronous group. Four maturity stages were observed during our study that included: Maturing virgin (II), Developing (III), Gravid (IV) and Spawning (V).

The discharge of industrial effluents containing hexavalent Chromium into the environment can be very harmful to living things. Therefore, prior to this discharge into the environment, hexavalent Chromium should be removed from contaminated water and especially from wastewaters. This study aimed to analyze the effects of removal of hexavalent Chromium using derived carbon from almond green hulls.
In the present study, derived carbon from almond green hulls of zonal district of South Khorasan (Birjand) were used to remove hexavalent Chromium from Synthetic wastewater while contact time, density, PH, absorbent dosage and temperature were changed. Batch tests were discontinuously performed on Shaker. At the end, to assess hexavalent Chromium, Spectrophotometer UV / VIS Spectrometer T80 at 540 nm wavelength was used.
Findings: The findings of the present study revealed that hexavalent Chromium removal was highly dependent on PH. Most of the results showed high removal at PH=2. Furthermore, it was found that as the absorbent dose, contact time and temperatures were increased, removal percentage would increase as well. Surprisingly it was understood that because of limited space in the absorbents, when the initial hexavalent Chromium density was increased, the removal efficiency was decreased.
Discussion and Derived carbon from almond green hull and derived carbon, does efficiently remove hexavalent Chromium from industrial water wastes.

Increasing industrial activities in and around cities causes many environmental problems and threatens human health. These days, one of the main problems with cities results from urban fringe industrial activities in these areas. This issue can be seen especially in big cities, so that naturally efficient landscapes can be seen only a long distance from these cities. The main problems in such areas are pollution, landscape fragmentation, land structure deformation, and decrease in natural mechanisms.
In order to come up with solutions to these problems, some strategies, policies and practices are required. In this regard, landscape planning and design can play an important role. Using the concept of ecology in industrial development has generated the concept of industrial ecosystem based on natural ecosystem patterns and processes. Following this analogy, the conceptual strategies of an eco-industrial network, which is an organized form of the industrial ecosystem, can greatly help us to overcome these problems.
Findings: This research investigates the concepts of industrial ecology and eco-industrial networks and applies those concepts to the environmental rehabilitation of an existing industrial area in northwestern industrial area of Mashhad and Chenaran Industrial state.
In this regard, we have tried to consider this concept in various scales of landscape. Finally, using conceptual plans, strategies for improving the quality of landscape and environment in this area have been provided.