فصلنامه مطالعات تاریخ اسلام
پیاپی 27 (زمستان 1394)

The dominance of political interests over religious ideals in holding Hajj pilgrimage by Abbasid Caliphs is in the concentration. This is where, according to the history, the great ancestor of Abbasids, Abbas ibn Abdulmattallib and his children are introduced as great honorable figures in Hajj pilgrimage for serving water for the pilgrims (Saqayat). Bani-Abbas then should have made it as a privilege over the other claimants for ruling legitimacy such as Alids and others, however the Abbasids rather preferred to took advantage of inheritance matter. Applying descriptive analytical approach, this research is after the reasons of this fact. The findings show that some theoretical and functional obstacles relevant to the facts rooted in the Quran or Abbas’s reputation had been in concern. They deliberately paid almost no attention to Abbas’s position in Hajj neither did they claim for his legitimacy. They also manipulated the pilgrimage policy according to this research.

A study on early writings of Ismailis is pivotal for two reasons: first it would lead us to understand the Ismaili epistemology and ontology in early days and second it would provide us with the reasons of generating the theological works in later Ismailis. Taking descriptive analytical approach, this research approves that early Ismaili works with the theme of Gnostic cosmology were soon transformed to some legislative works aiming Fatimid legitimacy in the mid third century A.H. This was by the means of ta’wil or exegesis in Ismaili eschatology and their view of cyclical system in history. In the mid fourth century along with the stability of Fatimid administrative power, the Ismaili works show sort of moderation in implementing ta’wil but taking more rational approach instead. This improvement contributed to the Fatimid cultural- sociological development as well as generating invaluable theological works.

In this paper the socio- political role of Qaderieh Tariqat resided in Kurdish Iraq (1918- 1931) has been studied. Qaderieh, specially Barzanji branch survived after the decline of Baban administration in 1851 to put its long desire into trial. They could ultimately succeed to take the highest political position in 1918- 1931. The main question is why could the Qaderieh Dervishi Tariqat reach to the central point of power in Kurdish Iraq? Taking sociological approach by applying Durkhim’s social solidarity theory and studying on original resources, the research approves that Dervishi well- established organization would not have been able to succeed if they had failed to build social solidarity within the crisis-ridden Kurdish society.

The most important milestone in the evolution of the concept of Science in Arab history is a transition from the age of ignorance to the prophetic era. In fact, the new religion that was founded in Medina required new science to legitimize it. This evolution occurred in transition from a pagan to monotheistic society. Hence the concept of Science changed exactly in line with the same two features of the clan-oriented and faith community. The main sources for the study of such a change are the Quran and the poems attributed to the Age of Ignorance. Then by examining the content we would be able to explain the conceptual evolution of science in this duration. By examining the extant poetry and relevant narratives about it, there seems that ignorant believed that sciences are collected in four subjects and the owner of these sciences should be called ‘Allāmah. The four sciences are: 1- Wars (Ayyam ul-Arab) 2- Arabic prose literature 3- Poetry 4- Genealogy. But the holy prophet (pbuh) believed that the only knowledge is the science that is in conformity with monotheism. He excludes the other sciences for they have come from ignorance. In fact, in an overview, the human acknowledgment to the eternal power of God is a sacred science which occurred only in the prophetic era; a knowledge that could be obtained by eyes, ears and heart. In this period, Arab put more concern on Writing and the concept of science developed through the convergence of thoughts. This theme will be analyzed in this study on the base of explaining- understanding method.

The main objective of this paper is to analyze the impact of the religious factors in Iran’s Safavid military efficiency. The findings of this study suggest that the military efficiency was positively affected by some religious figures like “Sadr” and “judge” as well as clergy men even in some informal activities. Safavid religious concerns in war and peace had a great impact on military efficiency. The effective use of religious symbols in wars as well as the participation of clergies and leading the battles by religious scholars was among the religious efficiency factors in military. Whenever Safavid were aware of this powerful potential and put it forward, the military morale was in the zenith. Otherwise in case of negligence or underestimating the religious figures, they were doomed to the failure.

Tarikh_i Bayhaqi as an important text in the history of Persian literature is mostly admired for a truthful and impartial narration of history. Nevertheless in this article we try to show that in some cases Bayhaqi has neglected deliberately to mention some topics. In ordre to broach the subject we are using nuanced and sligtly modified version of Gerard Genette’s narratological approch to time. Apparently Bayhaqi presents events respecting a linear ordre of time, but the mass of flashback and flashforward narratives sometimes fill chronological gaps. In the first half of the book, a narratological study shows some gaps which are covered with no or a short and uncertain report. In this investigation first we divided the text to some large pieces and discovered the gaps focusing on the beginning and the end of the time laps. Then we compared Bayhaqy’s data with other historians and analyzed probable contents of some gaps. Finally we studied the relation of time gaps and narrator reliability. The findings show that the report, interpretation or sometimes poor evaluation has slightly tarnished Bayhaqi’s reliablity.

Changing religion in Iran has always been important issues to the attention of researchers, Because this type of change itself creates major changes in social, cultural and even political structures and institution. Tendency to Shiite in Iran always causes arguments and disagreements between researchers and different views were expressed on this issue. This study seeks to address the role of the advocacy Organization(sazman e vekalat) in the change of religion in Iran. Also this study tries to show social order in Sassanid, besides representing the mechanism of religion change in Iran and utilization of advocacy Organization from this situation. Therefore, by the use of signs that indicate the activity of advocacy organization in different regions of Iran, will show that the advocacy organization by cultural confrontation and with focus on villages leaded to the spread of Shiite in Iran.