پژوهشنامه تاریخ تمدن اسلامی
سال چهل و پنجم شماره 2 (پیاپی 95، پاییز و زمستان 1391)

Ijāza a term describing a variety of academic certificates that giving, receiving, and collecting such certificates grew from the science of Prophetic tradition and became an essential part of Islamic education in nearly all academic fields. The certificate of transmission (“Ijāzat al-Riwāya”) is a kind of these certificates that granted the recipient (Mujāz) the right to pass a specific text on to the next generation of students on the authority of its issuer (Mujīz), and it established the student’s place in an unbroken chain of reliable teachers (esnād) going back to the text’s original author. Besides these two main purposes of issuing certificate of transmission, these texts have a lot of information on various branches. Study of these as historical documents, many benefits can have numerous functions in historical researchs, particularly aware of the lesser known aspects of the Shiite academic tradition and interconnected networks of scholars. This paper attempts with citing numerous examples to explain the functions of the transmission certificates in historical researchs about Safavid area, as access to Imami scholars information, verification of their academic qualifications, check the authenticity of the written sources, identify common books in different fields, geographic Information Shiite areas and many other historical data.

The specific leadership style of Hassan Sabbah and the specific obedience style of followers, because of voluntary blind obedience of followers from Hassan Sabbah, is one of the most prominent samples for methodologies leadership studies and blind obedience process. In this study, we have used two different approaches towards the analysis of Ismailis’s blind obedience from Hassan Sabbah. In one of them we used Aristotelian logic, and first with the use of historical action research approach, the reasons of this blind obedience were identified, and also through MAXQDA, 4 main indexes and 46 sub-indexes were found among all the data. In the other approach we used fuzzy logic, and through descriptive-analytical method (the content analysis type) and MAXQDA, 4 main indexes and 18 sub-indexes were found among all the data. Finally, through asking the experts and using analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and also fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (FAHP), we attempted to prioritize, compare and analyze the reasons of Ismailis’s blind obedience from Hassan Sabbah in these two approaches.

The study of Islamic history and Arabic literature makes us acquaited with different short and long news about the cultural, political and social personality of Sukayna Bint el_Hossain (Pbuh), a great and educated lady of the household of the holy prophet (Pbuh). She is one of the few ladies whose scientific and cultural personality had been mentioned in many literal-historical books in an exact manner. The analysts of historical issues in cultural, political and social domains, in accordance with their own viewpoints, have had a particular outlook to the reported news about Sukayna Bint el_ Hossain (Pbuh).
In this paper we investigated these reports and found out that she has been a chaste, intelligent, literate woman, being aware of the political and social problems of her time. Perceiving and choosing appropriate situations, she has followed a special way for uttering her position and defending her family and commemoration of the name and fame of the household of the Prophet (Pbuh) in that difficult stage of Shiite history.

Among the main factors of friendly commercial and political relations between Safavid Iran and India were reciprocal needs and policies of Safavid kings concerning trade development. Thus, various regions of Iran, especially Isfahan, had became a good market for Indian goods. Isfahan as a capital of Safavid state was a centre of commercial activities of such Indians as Baniyans, Multanians, and Saddiqiyans, as well as Armenians. Although the Indians played an important role in Safavid trade, because of their engaging in money-changing, usury, and money-sending out, they caused the Safavid economics to suffer a loss that at first glance it seemed to be their commercial presence more harmful. But, upon inspection, this article shows that in fact their presence, by contrast, had many benefits for Iran economics. Considering the impact of Isfahan-dweller Indian trader on Safavid trade, it is studied why they had enjoyed the royal political supports of Safavid kings.

This paper has investigated Mamluks Egypt`s militarism influence on Rook of Hesam al-din & Nasser Qalawoon. The authors have concluded in this study that the generalissimo and military officers due to the monopoly on their extensive apanage areas and abundant revenues could limit the power of the Sultan and even to the throne have greed sometimes; because much of the land, i.e 20 carats of 24 carats of thr land, in their possession. Therefore 2 Sultans of Mamluk in order to harness the power of military officers and to restructure of organization surveyed the land and divided them again. This act was called the rook of Hesami & Rook of Nasseri. But this policy has led to discontent and rebellion, especially among the military (Ajnad al-Halqa) and the destruction of Egypt`s arable land.

So far, no clear analysis of political events in Iran in the context of Khwarazm in the third and fourth centuries AH/ tenth century has been achieved. The mistake, the political families of the ancient rule of the Al-Mamun, the continuity of all the ancient Al Afrygh are enumerated. So Al- Afrygh and Al-Iraq also have as a rule! While there is an aura of historical ambiguities, not a citation attempt to first analysis, this was one of the family.
The basic cause of this error is that the last rulers of the Islamic name Abdullah Mansour Ibn Abdullah Al Afrygh chose, apparently after the mid-third century AH/ ninth century, the government collapsed in chaos Taherids and stabilize Saffarids state in Khorasan were active. These during the conflict, because of political bias Saffarids, fight and overthrow Samanids were defeated. He apparently had no connection with Al AFrygh, the government established the Samanids on Khwarazm in citizenship (along with three of his successor) with Kharazmshah established. Thus, based on historical data, a hundred-year Khwarazm Kharazmshahian Al Iraq, rule can be between Al-Mamun's rule and Al Afrygh Kharazmshahian. This papers, to analyze the events documented in this section of the history.

In British India, Moslems according to political & social conditions began cultural activities, especially the thinkers established institutions for Islamic education. Among the first Islamic schools in the midle of 19th century, Dar ul-ulum of Deobands has a special position.Its founders has used the new system of instruction, but they insisted on the old Islamic books for instruction. Also they tried to train students in a Islamic atmospheres. Few decades later, many of graduated students, as Ulama played a great role in social-political movements in India. They, as a new social class, tried to revive social identity of Moslems in modern society. At the same time they insisted on the Islamic tradition that based on their sacred Book, Quran, and also Hadith.