نشریه زن در توسعه و سیاست
سال چهاردهم شماره 2 (تابستان 1395)

Conventional economic theory neglects home production and provided services within household because what is produced and consumed within households has not economic value and hence does not enter to national accounts. The main reason of such ignorance is that the home products do not transmit from market. The history of this viewpoint dates back to the advent of industrialization into the capitalism. Family is a framework for preparation of many worthy commodities in which determine welfare of individuals while women attend the core of this process. Some economists in second half of twentieth century attempted to incorporate housework into the neoclassical theory of labor-leisure choice. Accordingly, this paper also presents an alternative model to analyze such valuable activity so called "housework" in which is more compatible to characteristics of Iranian family and includes evident implications. The model leads to a supply function of housework that represents the housework is a negative function of female's wage rate and a positive function of husband's wage and the wife's share from husband's earnings. The method of research is gathering data of married women and analyzing evidence according to econometric equations. These data have gathered by questionnaire. The housework supply function has been estimated by using a sample that includes 409 married women who reside in Tehran and are at least 35 years old. The estimation is based on logistic distribution function and Maximum Likelihood method. Results suggest that earnings, education, employment and age of women besides family income and marriage duration have negative effect on housework but number of children shows positive impact. As a whole, factors that make market opportunities more attractive tend to lessen the time devoted to housework and vice versa.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the glass ceiling on women creative ideas working in administrative province units of Lorestan state with moderating of their self-concept variable. the population of this cross-correlation, stady was all women employees of administrative province.units of Lorestan state. Using stratified sampling,and basis of morgan 306 persons selected as samples. Instruments used in this study includin a questionnaire glass ceiling Babaie Zklyky (1385), creativity questionnaire Moghimi and Ramezan (1390) and Self-Concept Questionnaire California (1986). For data analysis, structural equation test utilized with benefit of PLS Software. The results showed that the glass ceiling is effective on women creative ideas and there is negative correlation between this two variables. Also results structural equation test showing that self-concept variable in correlation with glass ceiling has moderating role on women creative ideas working in administrative province units of Lorestan state.

Today, Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) is an important indicator of development; However, due to the greater vulnerability, HRQOL level of women is lower than men, especially in rural regions. This problem has doubled the necessity to investigate and identify the factors affecting HRQOL. Given the importance of the issue, the purpose of this descriptive- correlative research was to study of effect of health-promoting lifestyle components on rural women’s HRQOL. The statistical population of the research consisted of all women in rural regions of West Islam Abad Township who their age ranged from 15 to 64 years old (N= 13835). According to the Bartlett et al. Table (2001), a sample size of 250 was selected using multiple stage sampling technique. The standard questionnaire was used to collect data. The results indicated that women’ s HRQOL had a positive and significant relationship with age, size of family, number of children and years of married life and negative and significant relationship with literacy level and time spent on daily sport activities. Also, the results showed that mean score of women’ s HRQOL differed significantly in terms of marital status, situation of head of household, having insurance and periodic medical examinations. Finally based on finding, six components of health-promoting lifestyle including nutrition management, social support, health responsibility, exercise, stress management and life appreciation explained 57 percent of variances of rural women’ s HRQOL.

This research is a comparative study of entrepreneurial characteristics of founders of non-governmental high school in Tehran. The research population was the female and male’s founders of non-governmental high school in Tehran (totally 507 persons). The sample was 213 people (90 women and 123 men) were selected by cluster sampling. The data were collected through questionnaire that measured two entrepreneurial characteristics including personality and cognitive-skill. The results indicated that the entrepreneurial characteristics of male and female founders of non-governmental high schools are relatively good. There is no significant difference between men and women in terms of entrepreneurial characteristics. Ambiguity tolerance of women entrepreneurs and independence of men entrepreneurs evaluated as an undesirable item. Also the personality and cognitive-skill characteristics there are no significant difference in both groups of men and women. There is no significant difference between personality characteristics between men and women entrepreneurs, except in independence and tolerance of ambiguity.

This study was designed by the goal of investigating the attitudes toward childbearing, with an emphasis on lifestyle factors among pre- marriage women referring to health care networks have been conducted in Tehran. For the purpose of research, survey and questionnaires were used. According to the statistical society ,384 women were selected as sample in Tehran. The theoretical framework of this research is edited by emphasis on the ideas of Bourdieu and Giddens.Results showed that the lifestyle and its constituent components (body management, free time, cultural consumption and socioeconomic status) have a significant relationship with attitudes toward childbearing, and 32 percent of the change in attitudes toward childbearing is explained by the independent variables(body management, free time, cultural consumption and socioeconomic status). Also, among the aspects of lifestyle, socio-economic status with beta coefficient 554/0 have the most impact on the dependent variable. In other words, mentioned variable ,In addition to the direct effect on women's attitudes toward childbearing in Tehran, also influence on all aspects of lifestyles, and cultural consumption variable ,in addition to the immediate effect on women's attitudes, is influenced by the other dimensions of lifestyle . after socioeconomic status, body management component with beta coefficient 336/0 is affected on women's attitudes toward childbearing.According to the results we can say that 83.3 percent of pre- marriage women, have compilation and modern attitude toward childbearing and its functions.the results of this review show popularity of two children pattern among pre- marriage women, which can be extracted two children pattern as the ruling ideal and lifestyle of the discursive space in Tehran.

Victimization of women very prevalent as a social problem, today. Among these are women who in addition to potential vulnerabilities, are being more victim for migrants and minorities. The main objective of this study is to identify the types of victimization of women afghan refugees and Iranian in Mashhad urban space and study the factors influencing their victimization. This study was conducted to survey and researchers have put afghan refugee women residing in Mashhad as the statistical society of this research for study influence migrate for victimization of women, and for study and comparison of the situation of refugee women by Iranian women how living in Mashhad in the same conditions used as a control group of 112 Iranian woman has in Mashhad. A questionnaire was used to collect data. Questionnaires was completed by Afghan refugee women and Iranian women in areas 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 11 Mashhad. Findings from this study indicate that there are significant relationships among the personal, environmental and economic characteristics and the victimization of women, at 95 percent. It is noteworthy that it was found among age, education and veil with victimization of women in some crimes against persons such as rap, sexual assault ,kidnapping, assault and beating there is an inverse relationship ºbecause among them were young women, low-veiled, uneducated or uninformed more on victims against individuals reported than others. Also, women how hade kind of disorder in the family, had experienced more crime within the family and outside the family. Women's employment in black jobs, in workshops around the city, in unknown and unofficial environments and unregulated and even their night work is itself a risk factor and women brought in to victimization. Finally, it was determined that there is relationship among the the women of region location with their victimization in all crimes.

Intimacy and emotional disattachment is a main challenge in contemporary family that interpreted and perceived differently from different viewpoints. The aim of this study was exploring the context and dealing why of woman by emotional sepration through investigation of perception and subjective meaning of womans that involved in this process. Research done in qualitative research and grounded theory design. Sample include 33 woman of city of Yazd- Iran that were variant according to age, education, marriage duration and spouse age difference. Participants selected by purposefule sampling methd and participated in semistructured interviews. Data analysed by theoretical coding method. Analysis shoed that participant woman perceived emotional divorce as communication-support shortage. The context of emotional divorce process started before marriage in abnormal family sphere and continued by risky marriage. Illoyality, regression and risky media usage are after marriage important themes for emotional sepration. Woman react and deal with emotional sepration by some adaptive and deconstructive interactions. Finally research theoretical model emerged from this themes and categories.