نشریه عقل و دین
پیاپی 9 (پاییز و زمستان 1392)

One of the outstanding virtues of human is rationality. Undoubtedly, everyone has a more complete ration, he is superior to the others.
Certainly, the companions of the great prophet are not identical to rationality.
With study of moslem thinkers’ works becomes obvious that reason is divided for the one side to theoretical reason and practical reason and for the other side to particular reason and universal reason and the other side to primal and derivative reason and the other side to holy reason and world reason.
The writing asserts that Imam Ali is superior to all of the companions and naturally to all of the people of nation for the side of theoretical and practical reason and for the side of primal, universal and holy reason, and in witch has been attempted that the claim be proved by evidences and reasons.

Belief is basis of all of the regional educations and that is main axis of all of the moral and believe recommendations of human. Deep familiarity with this issue has an important role in guiding human. The writing wants to analyze concept of belief and to explain its characteristics from viewpoint of Quran and Sahifeh Sajjadieh. First¡ the lexical meaning and the elements included in its content are studied. Then¡ about the heart and increasable and degrees of faith are discussed¡ and the certainty that the cause is the perfection of faith is investigated.

This writing, first, reviews the arguments of theology that are placed in the three topics: cosmology, anthropology, ontology. And will be placed in four topics, if we account Kant’s argument.
Then, the writing explains that, in the Islamic sources, while full attention to the diversity of evidence and signification, they are passed and has mentioned unity of evidence and signification. Because the God that is self-apparent, doesn’t need to detector.

Expounding man’s perfection is the most important principle in the field of knowledge and cognition. The philosophy of man’s creation is deeper than that of other creatures because man’s is a complete and comrehensive being vis-a’-vis whatever exists in matrerial world and Divine world. Man is essence of protected tablet and right path between paradise and hell. Man’s divine dimension is one of the divine mysteries and a manifestestation of divine vicegerency that can exert control in material world and Divine world according to the manifestation of the Apparent and the Concealed. The present paper tries to study man’s perfection fram Molla Sadra’s viewpoint and evaluate the harmony between his viewpoint and the Holy Quran. A brief review of man’s perfection domain will more encourage us to take storng steps in the way of our perfection and happiness.

Wealth and poverty are such concepts that in addition to the apparent meaning also require profound religious and philosophical definitions. The term of poverty, used as both meanings of disagreeable and praised, has been seen in the word of religious leaders, including Imam Sajjad(Pbuh). Praised poverty is that which shows humankind’s true need and dependency to the Ultimate affluent and the Righteous essence. But a poverty that creates feelings of attachment and need for other than the Righteous essence is disagreeable.
In the transcendental philosophical thought, by the analysis of the principle of causality and based on the principality of existence, this result is concluded that all things at the root of their existence are essentially poor and dependent to the Origin of the universe. The “effect”, which is considered all that is not God, in its existence is indiscriminately needy to its true Cause; meaning that other than dependency to the essence of God, no other truth is imagined for it. Since according to the principality of existence, in the outside world there is no other than Existence, all creatures are destitute to a true reason which is unique to the independent essence of Uniqueness. They have no existence separate from their reason and are entirely relevance and belonging to His Right, which is expressed using phrases such as absolute poverty of existence in itself, existential poverty and copulative existence. Therefore, just as mentioned in the word of God, poverty is an intrinsic property of creations, and wealth is unique to God. This concept is also present in the rich passages of Imam Sajjad(Pbuh) in Sajjadiye Scriptures, which is the focus of discussion in this paper.

Nowadays, religious experience is one of the important subjects in the philosophy of religion. After doing the research we came to the conclusion that Schleier macher found the contents in the holy book in opposition to the wisdom and understanding of the human beings. According to this basis he concluded that the essence of religion is the religious experience. It seems that he has gone to extremes and the religious experience from his point of view is not a rational and conceptional experience but it is a feeling of absolute dependence and reliance on a source which is separate from the world.
But great people like Villiam Alston, Feuerbach, Gorge A.LindBeck, MCGrath and others have criticized his ideas. In this research we become familiar with the essence of the religious experience, its different forms and its various definitions.
Ayatollah dr Beheshti has the following words about the essence of the religious experience. Religion is understanding the command of the sublime and the religious experience is entering and absolute obedience of that command. Dr Beheshti believes that the religious experience is authentic for the one who experiences it and says that it is a way to prove the religious beliefs alongside with rational reasoning. He believes that the religious experience is not initiated by west and we must not deprive our souls of this generous resource. However the viewpoints of these two philosophers are different because of different cultural atmospheres of Islam and christianity, as Islam pays, a lot of attention to contemplation and pondering.
As the views of these philosophers about the religious experience have not been surveyed, this article is new and innovative. To follow the end part of the thesis can be useful especially for the university students.