فصلنامه مطالعات جغرافیایی مناطق خشک
پیاپی 23 (بهار 1395)

Management of the rural community's economic, social, cultural and natural diversity and differences emerged. Meanwhile, rural areas in recent years under the influence of external flows (urban-rural integration and integration into the global economy) have been many changes and a more rural areas are facing different. Control of two more such settlements has not been different. Unfortunately, differences have arisen in rural areas of the country are indoctrinated in the management of rural development discourse New-case attention and social and economic consequences of this trend and apply unrealistic and conflicting views matched rurality for a variety of in rural areas. Accordingly, executive management, including planning, development planning and rural development in national and regional level in two provincial done. That is not the multiplicity and diversity of economic, social, cultural and natural heritage considered by central planning and the overall reality villages are not visible. The argument is that when the rural areas much more reasonable and considered each of the various internal mechanisms, executive management is in chaos. At the same time, if geographically larger administrative units to serve rural markets are created. The intermediate solution must be designed and these can be amortized in the region and extremes happen. So the question of this study is that natural and cultural characteristics of local areas as an aid in identifying rurality how can be combined and applied in a regional context?

Now, scientists know the world as complex systems that predict consequences of it is so difficult. In this situation, the systems operated by rotation manner in which chaos is order and discipline leads to chaos. Nowadays, simple idea of ​​how the world work change and convert to complex and paradoxical idea. This is called complexity science. The theory through the assumptions of Newtonian and based on quantum physics states that in a complex system cannot be said that a consensus will be repeated exactly twice, but just the opposite, in these systems, order and disorder complete each other.
In this article, have tried to provide overview of the complexity and variety of it and its role in nature and dynamic systems to be studied due to predicted them by better understanding of them. To determine the best approach and method for the study of complex systems and scientific confrontation with them, positivist approaches, Post-positivism and pragmatism is studied. Quantitative methodology based on positive paradigm that focuses on originality of build- environment and qualitative methodology, although historically and philosophical based on anti-positivist or post-positivist approaches but recently has been used and support by non-positive paradigm and also recently the pragmatism paradigm underpin theoretical and philosophical based for combines research methodology as a third methodological movement.
Complex adaptive systems:The complex system is a system that have been formed of interconnected smaller parts and exhibit behavior that is not deducible from the behavior of the components alone, which means that by studding the individual components of a complex system cannot be achieved to collective behavior.

Many factors controlling atmospheric parameters, includes lake and seas, mountains, urban areas and etc. One of this factors is land cover. If the land cover is changing, then the nature of climate will change. One of the important part of land cove are aquatic bodies. Lakes are considered as natural controls on temperature, rain fall and moisture regime in interior continents. Due to climatic changes such as reduced rainfall, increased temperature and also uncontrolled use of surface water resources in watershed areas, distinguished changes are exposed. Monitoring such changes and consequences should be considered as an important issue in the national and regional development and natural resource management. Any change in hydro climatic conditions of lakes such as increase or decrease of their levels is reflected into climatic conditions of lake surroundings. Future more lakes or other aquatic bodies need a minimum amount of fresh water inflow, called environmental flows, to meet specific ecosystem requirements.
Among the most obvious examples of changes in the land cover, is the change in water level of the Urmia Lake and ultimately drying water of the lake in recent years. Urmia Lake with its previous lake area of approximately 5000–6000km 2, had a crucial socio- economic and ecological role in the Northwestern part of Iran. During the past decades, Lake Urmia has been strained by a number of concurrent anthropogenic and natural causes. The aim of current study are numerical simulation of the role of Urmia Lake in climatic elements in surrounding areas of this lake. For this aim the TAPM mode was used.
The Study Area:Urmia lake basin is located in northwest of Iran limited in 44°07´ E to 47° 53´ E longitude and 35° 40´N to 38° 30´N latitude with total area of about 52,679km2.Urmia lake is the largest lake in Iran and one of the world’s salt-saturated lakes that has significant role in moderating the climate of a vast area containing East and west Azerbaijan provinces. According to 39-year period of daily precipitation data (1973 to 2011) the annual mean precipitation over the basin is 352 mm (farajzade et al, 2014).
Material and For analysis of climatic role of Urmia lake in Northwestern Iran the synoptic data in station of Urmia and Bonab Cities in respectively in west and east of lake were analyzed. For simulation of the role of Urmia Lake in climatic elements (min, max and mean temperature, monthly precipitation and relative humidity) in surrounding areas the TAPM mode was used. Then by using TAPM model outputs and observed data performance of the model calibrated. TAPM model is a model for air pollution simulation that made by CSIRO in format comprehensive software. This software had been used and recommended by more than 190 users in 25 countries in different parts of world. In this research for purposes of simulation and evaluation the monthly data of two years; 2003 and 2006 were used. For computing the occurred changes and as such as estimating the errors the observed and simulated data were compared with together. For analyzing the role of Urmia Lake in climatic elements in surrounding areas, two scenarios were considered. First: Existence of the lake at it’s the maximum extent; two: Aquatic body of Urmia lake removed and substituted by an area having coverage of gravel and sand with a texture of loam (fig 1).

Drought is one of the natural disasters which cause economic damages especially in agriculture and natural resources sections. Because of creeper nature of drought, its assessment and monitoring is very complex and difficult. Using of drought indices is one of the most important methods in drought monitoring and evaluation. Because of suitable capabilities of remote sensing technology and its good spatial and temporal resolutions which compensate of meteorological point methods, using of satellite indices approach are developing and progressing. One of the best these indices is Vegetation Temperature Condition Index (VTCI) which constituted basis of simultaneous of NDVI and LST. For spatial monitoring of agricultural drought with VTCI in this research, NDVI and LST products of MODIS sensor of Terra satellite for July of 2000 to 2014 retrieved and after preprocessing prepared for making of VTCI. Main challenge of using this method is determination of warm and cold edges in LST and NDVI scattergram .Based up results of this research, year of 2006 had best regression coefficient (R2=0.73 for warm edge and R2=0.86 for cold edge). In continue based of regression coefficient of each year, their VTCI extracted and map of VTCI drought classes to five classes (High, Medium, Light, Normal and Wet) constituted. Results showed significant relations between VTCI and LST, NDVI and LST/NDVI indices finally, these agriculture drought classes compared from their area in length of study period. Results showed that highest and lowest drought class belonged to medium, light (more than 84%) and wet(less than 1%) classes, respectively. Also years of 2013 and 2011 had most area percent of high drought and wet classes.

Drought is a natural disaster that brings a lot of damage to human life and natural ecosystems. Jiroft for special geographical position has always been faced with the phenomenon of social and economic pillars of the region's villages have been affected. This study aimed to "analyze the social and economic effects of drought on agriculture, rural city of Jiroft" done. The Research method is descriptive- analytical and collecting information in the survey. To accomplish this research, the use of a conceptual framework, completed the 217questionnaire and data were collected and analyzed using SPSS software. The research was recognized in 1386 as a base year drought and the effects of drought during 1384 and 1388 (the years before and after the drought) on employment status, income, cultivation of agriculture and rural migration is discussed. The results studied show the effect of drought on the permanent withdrawal of labor from agriculture and rural migration has been very little And changes in employment after the drought has been temporarily. Correlation analysis also shows that the impact of the drought and the level of income and savings and positive correlation exist. Income of the households decreased and the amount of investment in agriculture has declined, the paper also analyzes the effects of drought on economic and social structure, strategies for coping with drought presented.

Erosion, especially soil erosion is a serious threat to soil and water resources, because the soil consists of a combination of small-scale materials, non-organic and organic materials, also is a natural, dynamic environment that the growth of plants depends on it. Nowadays, soil erosion is one of the issues and problems that causes serious damages in Iran. Every year, nearly 75 billion tons of fertile soil and billions of tons of other agricultural land soil erode. The present research aims at investigating the EPM and Fournier models, validating the aforementioned models with the observed data of hydrometric station of Kouhsalar located at Mianeh, and introducing Fournier model instead of the costly and time-consuming models to estimate the sediment in case of its being valid in the area under study.
Materials and Shaharchai basin with an approximate area of 1510 square kilometers is located in the Eastern Azarbaijan Province and in the northwest part of the city of Mianeh and is one of the branches of the Gezel Uzan river.
In the present research to achieve the desired goal, the following materials were used including: topographic map, geological map of the region, satellite images of Landsat 8 in 2014, and 1:20,000 aerial photos, for the preparation of the current state of the erosion and land cover, as well as the use of soil science studies of identification-justification stage report of hydrometric areas of Shaharchai basin in 2007, the data of precipitation and evaporation Survey stations on a monthly basis for use in the models and data of Kouhsalar hydrometric station in order to estimate sediment of the basin.
The software Arc GIS was used for preparing thematic maps, including maps of isotemperature and isoprecipitation lines, maps of land use - land cover and the formation of the database, the software ENVI5 was used for extracting data related to the land use - land cover in the area.
The models used in this research are EPM and Fournier by using GIS to estimate the sediment.
In the present investigation after obtaining the amount of sediment estimates for each of the sub-basins, the data of 40 years (1973-2013) of hydrometric station of Kouhsalar were used for validation of the results of the models. One of the common methods for calculating the production of suspended sediment is to use the method of sediment rating curve-daily stream discharge. The required data for drawing the sediment rating curve and calculating the respect of current are discharge estimates and corresponding sediment discharge. Then, to compare the results of observation, percentage of relative error (RE) was used.
The necessary data for the estimation of erosion and sedimentation of the region after the weighting and calculating was obtained for each of the sub-basins. The intensity and the percentage of erosion area of the basin is shown in a table. Map of the intensity of erosion reflects the severity of the erosion of the area under study in three classes of Very Low, Low, and Medium. Although the severity of the erosion of the Medium class has a dramatically considerable percentage of the area, the highest percentage is related to the intensity of the Low class of erosion.
The Medium class of erosion is about 26%. In this class of the erosion, separation and movement of soil particles is to the extent that the implementation of soil and water conservation programs is required. Most of these areas are located on rangelands, and effective factors in these areas include high slope, poor coverage, and structures sensitive to erosion. In these areas, mechanical operations should be carried out more carefully and with caution. Preservation of pasture plants, biological operations, and preventing animals’ grazing are strictly recommended.
In the present research, the models of erosion with the aim of determining the best model for the estimation of the sedimentation of the catchment area of Shaharchai Mianeh basin were applied. Because of the simplicity and low cost of Fournier model, it was investigated. But because of its being too simple and not taking into account the parameters influencing the erosion, the Fournier model cannot be a good alternative to costly and time-consuming models such as EMPSIAC or EPM. In the validation of EPM model, using the observed data, relative coincidence with 9.9% difference fits fairly well. Considering the absolute value of the difference in EPM with the observed data, the amount of sediment reached 200,454 tons per year. This amount of sediment is due to the large area of Medium class of erosion. In this class, erosion, separation, and movement of soil particles is to the extent that soil and water conservation programs are necessary.

The arid regions are fragile and sensitive ecological environment and are vulnerable to desertification. This critical area around arid region where desertification occurs determines the ecological stability of the deserts. In order to combat desertification and decreasing its risks, the restoration projects using varieties of plant species were applied that could change the soil properties and soil quality indices. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of Haloxylon planting on soil physical and chemical properties and to determine soil indices in the Ahangaran village, southwestern Roshtkhar city. In view of this, 45 samples were collected from the three control area, between the canopy and under the canopy of Haloxylon aphyllum and soil physical and chemical properties were measured. The results showed that soil pH, lime, electrical conductivity, saturation moisture, clay, sand, carbonate and total nitrogen of the three sampling region were significantly different. The soil quality model were determined using multivariate statistical techniques including factor analysis, redundancy analysis and discrimination analysis and the results showed that pH and lime with highest coefficient are the most important of soil quality under Haloxylon planting in the study area. The soil quality index in the between the canopy and under the canopy of Haloxylon aphyllum is differently significant with control area.