مجله علوم پیراپزشکی و بهداشت نظامی
سال یازدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 20، تابستان 1395)

Nowadays, cardiovascular diseases are known as one of the threatening factors of humans’ health. Therefore, this study examined the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases risk factors in Qom University of Medical Sciences in 2011.
Methods and Materials: The present study is cross – sectional study. The sample size was equal to 0.05, regarding to the sample size formula for cross-sectional study and probability of type I error. Moreover, the accuracy of study was 0.25, and the minimum required sample size was equal to 188 individual. The samples were selected by stratified random sampling method. Data were collected using a questionnaire; moreover, descriptive and inferential statistical tests (mean, chi-square tests) were used to analyze the results by using SPSS version 18.
The mean age of participants was 36.52 ± 8.3and 81.4% of them were married. The results showed that There were significant differences between the male and female employees in the meantime physical activity (P=0.005), waist circumference (P=0.0001), age of onset of smoking (P=0.001) and blood pressure (P=0.0001). In addition, there were significant relationships between the body mass index and waist circumference with History of hypertension (P=0.0001), history of fat (P=0.0001), and history of diabetes (P=0.005).
Discussion and Generally, this study was conducted on medical university staffs that most of them were familiar with risk factors of cardiovascular diseases and they had a healthy lifestyle, so cardiovascular diseases had lower prevalence among them.

The daily progress of medical science, the advance of medical technologies, industries, and the arrival of these technologies into the national health have created vast changes in the system of presentation of health services. Thus, it is necessary to adapt and coordinate the relative value of health services with such advances. Due to the significance of the matter and its serious impact on the incomes of the units which present services and provide the costs of the health system in different sectors, this research evaluates the users views about the book of new tariffs which has been put into force in all hospitals since October 2014.
Methods and Materials: This research is a sectional descriptive study.Sixty surgeons and staffs of the discharge unit have been studied at the army hospitals in Tehran. Samples were selected randomly. Self-made quesstionnaire was used as an instrument for collecting data, Validity and reliability were confirmed by skilled experts and professors. Moreover, SPSS version 18 was used to present statistical indicators such as tables and diagrams.
The results of this research indicate that 50.0 percent of the users were fully satisfied with the structure of the new book of tariff, 36.7 percent were moderately satisfied with it, and 13.4 percent of the users were dissatisfied. In addition, 35 percent of the users were satisfied with the ease of accesing the book, 38.3 percent had an intermediate satisfaction with it, and 26.7 percent of the users were dissatisfied. Finally, 23.4 percent of the users were satisfied with the contents of this book, 31.3 percent had an intermediate satisfaction and 45.3 percent of the users were dissatisfied.
Discussion and It seems that the errors existing in the older book of tariffs have been diminished and the newly developed book of tariffs has the relative ratification of the users. However, a noticeable rate of the local clients, i.e. the presenters of services of health, physicians and personnel of treatment domain are dissatisfied with the contents of the new book of tariff. Moreover, some users believed that the book of new tariff has not been able to fully implement the interdisciplinary justice. Therefore, in the new stages, efforts should be made to amend the weak points of the new tariff book and correct the national payment system.

Separation of molecules and cells using magnetic force is very simple, fast, efficient and low cost method in medical laboratory and research activities. The usage of this separation contributes to the quality of studies and related calculations in the field of laboratory sciences and researches.
Methods and Materials: In the present study, we managed to make an optimal device for biological separations and cell sorting activities based on magnetic field. Two strong permanent magnets were devised inside a fiber glass body in a certain distance. Several spaces were created around the magnets for different kinds of sample containers such as injection syringes with different capacities from 2 to 20 ml in each container. The ability of isolation, concentration and purification of materials, and the ability of detection or study of molecular and cellular interaction has been provided by applying a magnetic field about 1.5 Tesela. Small iron beads covered by an inert polyester coating were prepared to be replaced in the containers for more efficient separation in very low concentrations.
To evaluate the performance and demonstrate the neutrality of veneer, a certain weight of the coating material were placed in usual solvents vicinity. Moreover, the coating material was evaluated in terms of weight changes. Increasing or decreasing of weight and changing in the veneer material were not observed in test conditions. TLC test was used for determining the possibility of remaining materials from the veneer to the fluid environment. This test proved that the veneer materials cannot penetrate to the testing environment. Various activities were taken to evaluate the efficiency of nanoparticles separation. First, very low concentrations of magnetic nanoparticles have been isolated by using this device frequently. Second, accumulative weight of nanoparticles was separated by measurement. Finally, the accuracy of separation was confirmed. Cell separation device performance was performed by isolating Lymphocytes from monocytes in peripheral blood using super paramagnetic iron nanoparticles conjugated with anti-CD14 antibody. Moreover, the accuracy of operations were determined and proven by identifying Lymphocytes and cell viability using Trypan blue.
Discussion and This equipment is qualified for various separation activities in biological samples such as biomarkers from blood or serum in the medical diagnosis laboratories and research units.

Studies of hospital information systems have been affected to reduce costs and boost the quality of care. In the present study, affective factors related to the knowledge of radiology department staffs have been investigated about the applications of hospital information system.
Methods and Materials: Descriptive analytic method has been conducted in the current study. Staffs of six hospital of Kermanshah were participated in this study in 2015. A questionnaire included two sections of demographic and 40 questions related to the knowledge that have been used to assess the knowledge and its affective factors. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the related expert and the reliability was gained 80% by Cronbach’s alpha. Data analyses were performed using STATA software package version 12; moreover, linear regression was used to assess the impact of variables under study on employers’ knowledge.
The samples of this study were 76 females and 50 males that most of them have associate degree (47.6%). Mean level of knowledge of those passed the course HIS was higher (26.65) than those did not passed the course (22.93). The highest scores were observed in those with master’s degree (30.8). The results indicated that there is a significant relationship between the training HIS, having degree such as bachelor, masters, or higher than masters, and working with the imaging systems with the staff’s score knowledge (pDiscussion and Based on the fact that using hospital information systems will decrease costs and increase the quality of caring about there is a need for authorities’ special attention for holding the educational training with a related expert to increase the staffs’ awareness.

ESBL is an important factor in antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic resistance has been proposed as a global problem in recent decades and it causes many deaths all over the world; therefore, rapid and accurate diagnosis can be major step in solving this problem. This study aimed to identify SHV-type gene with PCR method.
Methods and Materials: SHV gene sequences were extracted and aligned from Genbank. Specific PCR primers were designed according to the consensus of the SHV genes. A plasmid containing positive control of the gene was created by using PCR and cloning methods. The assay specificity was evaluated using Brucella genomic DNA and a panel containing genomes of 10 gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. The PCR assay was highly specific and no amplification products were observed from the non-SHV organisms, an other test of the specifity was done by the use of CTX-M and TEM betalactamases.
A band with a the length of 199bp was indicated in the agarose gel electrophoresis of the PCR product in accordance with the desired sequence. Showing the same fragment in PCR confirmed the recombinant plasmid of coloning product containing the SHV gene. When the plasmid was subjected to the SHV-PCR, a ladder-like pattern was visualized on the agarose gel. The pattern has never observed in the case of negative controls.The results of specify assay conveyed that primers were separately for SHV gene.
Discussion and The results of this study indicated that PCR assay is a simple, rapid, sensitive and specific technique for detection of SHV gene that may improve diagnostic potential in clinical laboratories.

Molecular imaging is one of the main focuses in medical diagnostics. Nanoparticles allow us to effectively imagine the various component of molecule with high contrast. Different factors have been discussed about contrast agent nanoparticles. Moreover, some of the most important samples have been highlighted in the present study.
Methods and Materials: This research is a theoretical study and analytical method that was performed by searching Nanotechnology, Molecular imaging, Drug delivery methods, Gene therapy and contrast agent nanoparticles keywords in Google scholar, Science direct, Pubmed and Scopus websites in terms of content (content analysis). This article was written based on 10 chosen articles which were found after the search in the internet websites.
Most of the nanoparticles in this study have been used to produce the new contrast agents, in particular, for molecular imaging and diagnostics cellular processes. The benefits of using these nanoparticles contain: ability of producing high contrast, ease of integration into multiple properties, long time circulation in the blood and ability of carrying high volume (such as drugs). Principles and methods of producing nanoparticles have been improved over the recent years; therefore, the more complex samples of Nano sized contrast agents have been reported such as the: paramagnetic particles, macrophages quantum dots, quantum dot, and devices that can deliver material to the atomic and molecular sections. In addition, Micro-MRI has been used to survey vascular and drug delivery.
Discussion and The usage of contrast agent nanoparticles provides more details about the processes and effects of a disease. Making these materials has significantly improved in the resent years by creating various functions in them. However, there are many areas for the improvement in biocompatibility, effectiveness, specific features and diagnosis. Generally, the contrast agent nanoparticles can be synthesized for specific performance and specific applications.

The DNA sequencing is the most important technique in molecular biology by which the order of the nucleotides can be identified in a piece of DNA. There are several different methods for sequencing the DNA. Now, the DNA sequencing has great importance in the medical diagnostics and other medical fields. Some methods have been invented to speed up and increase the efficiency of the DNA sequencing by advances in the fields of nanotechnology and bioinformatics. This made it possible to perform larger, cheaper, faster, and more accurate projects, such as the sequencing of the human genome.
Methods and Materials: This review article is a content analysis study that has been performed by searching DNA sequencing and DNA sequencing techniques with high throughput key words in google scholar, Science Direct, PubMed and Scopus websites.
Due to the importance of the DNA sequencing and its applications in the various fields, scientists intend to present new methods to decrease the expense and time with the accuracy increment and high throughput.
Discussion and Along with increasing tendency of Iranian researchers in this area, this paper tried to provide the larger insight in conjunction with these methods amongst the researchers by introducing the different techniques of genome sequencing.

Leishmaniasis is one of the common parasitic disease which is one of the public health problems in tropical and subtropical regions. Moreover, Iran is faced to this issue. It affects about 20 to 40 cases in every 100000 persons annually and the number of cases is increasing around the world. This deseas is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania divided into major and tropica species in Iran. Based on official reports, more than 70% of cases are affected by leishmania major in our country.
Methods and Materials: This review article has been performed by searching cutaneous leishmaniasis, leishmaniasis major and leishmania tropica keywords in various databases such as the SID, google scholar, PubMed and related books.
Serologic tests are rarely used to diognose cutaneous leishmaniasis because of wide spectrum of agents and low sensitivity and specificity. The best way of laboratory diagnosis is microscopic examination of infected individual’s skin biopsy. Five valent antimony compounds are used as a treatment for this disease. It is not necessary to cure all the patients because most of the injuries and damages recover on their own. Due to the side effects of antimony compounds, it is better to used fewer of these compounds.
Discussion and Special attention should be paid to leishmaniasis due to the various routes of leishmania transmission. The rate of infection in endemic regions is very high; although, mortality and morbidity related to leishmaniasis is very low. Additionally, in several cases, the lesions of leshmaniasis is not curable even for one year. The most effective treatment for this disease is local injection of Glucantime which has its special disorders; therefore, it is limited to patients with death risk. There are lots of efforts to prevent leishmania transmission in Iran and there is a hope to eradicate it in near future.