فصلنامه دانش حسابداری مالی
سال سوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 9، تابستان 1395)

The accounting information currently assimiliated by firms is not wholly adequate for decision makers, and additional information regarding risks is required. This study explores the characteristics of risk disclosures in annual reports of companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. The factors affecting risk disclosures are also explored. To achieve the preceding objectives, the annual reports of 275 firm- year over the period of 2009 to 2013 were studied based on the content analysis and the characteristics of risk related information were determined accordingly. Data collected by content analysis was examined using Comparison Tests. The result showed that companies were significantly disclosure back-ward looking rather than forward-looking information and qualitative rather than quantitative information about risk, and they were disclosing risk sources rather than risk managements. Furtheremoe, the result indicated that firm size and leverage Posit a significant positive relationship with corporate risk disclosure, but market risk of the firms exhibits a significant negative relationship with corporate risk.

One of the factors that led to stock price crash is managers’ activities to conceal bad news and negative performance inside of the company. If the CEO has a dual role with regard to influence and power will be better hoarding company Bad news In line with their interests that it would increase its stock price crash risk. The dual role of CEO refers to a situation where the CEO is also the Chairman or Vice Chairman of the Board. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of CEO duality on the future stock price crash risk .In order to attain the research purpose, 98 companies among the listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange during the years of 1388 to 1393 (2010 – 2015) were selected as statistical sample. Stock price crash risk was computed by utilizing the two criteria. In order to test the hypothesis, by using two measures Stock price crash risk, multivariate linear regression model and panel data have been used. The results of this study indicated that CEO duality has a positive and significant effect on each two criterion related to the stock price crash risk. In other word, CEOs’ dual role cause increasing possibility of stock price crash risk.

According to the general attitude of the impact of inflation in the country to cash holding and the professional attitude and changes in the Company's operations on the cash cycle that must be kept, in this study, we investigate the effects of inflation and the operating cycle of the main activities of the company to cash holdings in the company. Research done on ten-year period 1382 to 1392 for 118 companies. Research has two hypothesis that analyze using a multivariate regression model and the R statistical software. The results show a significant inverse relationship inflation and cash holdings, and there is no significant relationship between the company's operating cycle and cash holdings. According to the current situation in Iran not company's cash holding recommendation helps to effectiveness management function, the, also according to the second hypothesis, the company's operating cycle changes (including inventory) does not affect the company's cash holdings.

One of the initial assumptions of management accounting states that any changes in costs bear a relationship to the increase or decrease of the level of activity. However, this assumption has been argued after the issue of cost stickiness was proposed by Anderson et al. (2003), i.e. the amount of increase in costs due to an increase in the level of activity is much more than the amount of decrease in costs due to a decrease in the level of activity. Therefore the primary goal of this research is to investigate the issue of cost stickiness in selling, General and Administrative costs in TSE. Investigation the relationship between agency costs and Selling, General and Administrative costs stickiness is another goal of this research.
The results of this study are based on a sample of 145 listed companies in TSE for a seven-year period; during the years 1386 to 1392. These results suggest that while there is an increase of %1 in selling, General and Administrative costs for an increase of %1 in the volume of sales, there is a decrease of %0.32 in the Selling, General and Administrative costs for the same amount of decrease in the volume of sales. In this research, the relationship between agency costs and Selling, General and Administrative costs stickiness were also investigated. The results show that, there is no significant relationship between free cash flow, CEO tenure and director's bonus (as variables for measuring agency costs) with Selling, General and Administrative costs stickiness.

The objective of this study is to evaluate investment opportunities and audit report lags in the Tehran Stock Exchange. Tehran stock exchange listed firms constitute statistical population of the research and the sample was selected imposing conditions of the research variables to 155 firms during 2005-2015. Statistical technique of panel data regression was used to analyze data and test the hypotheses. In this study to measure of investment opportunities has been used two factors, the the ratio of market value to book value stocks and assets growth rate. According to the results, there is a positive and significant relation between the investment opportunities and audit report lags and significant positive relationship exists, the the ratio of market value to book value stocks shows the strongest correlation. High investment opportunities have been perceived to increase audit risk. External auditors, therefore, have to increase the required scope of audit work, which is expected to lead to longer audit report delays.

With increasing resources for management, The rate increases with the participation of relevant beneficiaries, The consequences of such a situation of conflict of interest. Managers who are at the center of this conflict, By providing financial information. This attempt to reduce conflicts of interest. They have an incentive effect and are often due to the favorable situation of the company's managerial discretion in reporting, the opportunity to apply this procedure also ones. The tendency of managers to disclose asymmetric News, Lead to future stock price crash risk is. Conservative accounting procedures prevent the accumulation of too much negative news and reduce the stock price crash risk.The purpose of this study is examined the relation between the quality of accounting information and accounting conservatism on crash risk of stock prices.For this purpose, data from 88 Production firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange were analyzed during 1384 to 1392. Research models using panel data estimation results show that unconditional conservatism and future stock price crash risk there is no significant relationship.also the level of unconditional conservatism , not limit the role of conditional conservatism in preventing future stock price crash risk. In addition, not found a significant relationship between higher quality audit with future stock price crash risk.

In the capital markets, it is assumed that all issued information is available to public, immediately or after a short time. However, many researchers believe that this assumption is too optimistic and always there are people that they have more information than others. Furthermore, they may have access to firm’s private information and use that information to stock trading. This research investigates the effects of probability of trading based on firm’s private information (PIN) and the effect of bid-ask spread; (as two factors of information asymmetry) on the cost of equity capital (CoE) from 2008 to the end of 2013 in 112 firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. The research results show that the increase in probability of stock trading based on private information about firms’ condition (PIN) and also increase in bid-ask spread, increases the firm’s cost of equity capital. On the other hand, there is a negative association between two factors of information asymmetry (PIN and bid-ask spread) and the cost of equity.