فصلنامه مهارت آموزی
پیاپی 2 (زمستان 1391)

Higher education in Iran, has been variously developed and has attracted naturally several groups of applicants with different age, gender and social class. This type of education is theoretically and practically performed in a rang of undergraduate courses to graduate ones. This study was descriptive and the statistical population included all technical–vocational college students in Mazandaran. The fundamental question of this research included what incentives and reasons encourage applicants to enter into technical–vocational colledges. The results showed that the student' motivation has positive correlation with talents and abilities, future labour market and employment, short educational period and quick absorbtion into labour market, self-employment, educational situation, and family encouragement and has a significant negative correlation with socioeconomic status of students and their parents' jobs.

Performance appraisal plays an important role in determining faults and difficulties of any organization. Technical and Vocational Training is incurring heavy expenses in every country. This study presents the development of a conceptual framework which aims to assess Technical and Vocational Training centers from multiple perspectives. The level of efficiency in Technical and Vocational Training centers is a good criterion to understand how they consume their resources. In this research, relative efficiency of 13 Technical and Vocational Training centers of Yazd in the Persian calendar year 2010-2011 is calculated using data envelopment analysis technique (DEA) and balanced scorecard (BSC). BSC has been used as a tool to design performance appraisal indexes in four perspectives (financial, Customers, internal processes, learning and growth). DEA, as a non parametric method, is one of the most important and significant management tools for measurment of outputs or efficiency and ranking. On this basis, Sadoogh center had 100% efficiency in all four perspectives of BSC, and Taft center with .592 efficiency had the lowest one. Total performance score of centers is 0.869 in the financial perspective, 0.848 in customer, 0.763 in internal processes, and 0.733 in learning and growth. By integrating the BSC and the DEA approach this research helps to identify where there is room to improve organizational performance and points out opportunities for reciprocal learning between centers (DMUs). This article provides a set of recommendations relating to successful application of DEA and its integration with BSC, in order to promote a continuous learning process to present solutions for improvement of performance quality levels of inefficient units in those four perspectives and also to determine the most productivity scale size (MPSS) in any perspective for inefficient centers.

Technical & Vocational Training Organization of Kermanshah follows the strategies of the Main Technical & Vocational Training Organization in order to fulfill purposes of this section and to enhance productivity growth of industries, especially the automotive industry and the mechanical one. Several trainees conduct a large number of training courses and technical–vocational skills required out of the system every year. Therefore, it seems imperative to enter a number of cycles that have been manufacturing performance assesment and effectiveness of workers job training. This study was a comparative analysis and it used questionnaires and surveys measuring performance and effectiveness of the work done by the workers and employers. Data was analyzed in SPSS and Excel software. Statistical methods included chi-square test, Spearman correlation and T-test. Results indicated a significant relationship between technical– vocational training and professional performance. Moreover, there was a significant positive relationship between technical–vocational training and job effectiveness of trained workers and their job satisfaction. Finally, it was suggested Iranian planners in technical– vocational domains to design applied training based on the requirements of different industries in the form of planned educational programs.

Technical–vocational training organization set up academic technical – vocational training centers with the aim of filling the vacuum of the skill training in universities. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between academic technical–vocational training centers and psychological empowerment of skilled student. This research is the applied one and the data collection method is a descriptive survey. Sample included 213 skilled students in Zanjan that were randomly selected .Descriptive views of 30 experts and managers among the staffs of the technical–vocational training organization were also used. The instruments included two questionnaires: 1- Standard questionnaire of psychological empowerment; and 2- the questionnaire of technical and vocational training for skilled students made by the researcher. Data was analyzed by SPSS 20 and these statistical methods were used: chisquare test, one sample t- test and correlation test. The results showed that the academic technical– vocational training centers had a significant relationship (p <0/05) with the psychological empowerment and all its constituent components including "competence," "independence," "effectiveness," "significance" and "trust". Also the level of technical and vocational trainings and all components of psychological empowerments of students had been more than average except "trust".

The main purpose of this study was to investigate strengths and weaknesses of entrepreneurship training courses based on Gottfredson theory of constraints and compromise from the views of the participants in the training program.The research method was semiexperimental or pre-test/post-test with a control group. 30 volunteers of students participating in the entrepreneurship classes organized by the Science and Research Branch of Azad University who obtained lower scores based on entrepreneurship skills questionnaire were randomly selected and divided into two experimental and control groups. The test group received 8 sessions of entrepreneurship skills training. Comparison of these two groups indicated that the training course based on Gottfredson theory had an effect on the enhancement of their entrepreneurship skills and most of the participants evaluated the effectiveness of the course as very high. Therefore, it is concluded that Gottfredson theory can be of more interest and further explored as a method of entrepreneurship skills training.

Considering the employment and economic problems and also the country's macroeconomic policies and strategies in the form of 20- year vision and the fifth development plan, focus on the basic and effective solutions, is essential and inevitable. Human resources empowerment through training of specialized job skills, in order to entrepreneurship encouragement and development, especially in training centers, is one of the strategies that can lead to entrepreneurial human resource supply and ultimately reduces the unemployment and economic problems and also increases productivity and efficiency in different sectors. This paper attempts to investigate the effect of training on empowerment of human resources and therefore to identify issues and problems ahead and strategies for optimizing effectiveness of such trainings. Research method in this paper was qualitative and data was collected from interviews with experts. The results are provided in four areas, "features of empowered human resources", "performance and the necessity of training for empowerment", "obstacles and difficulties ahead" and "optimization strategies."

KAB training model is a kind of valid entrepreneurship training model within skills training domain which has been developed and designed by ILO master experts. This research mainly concentrates on the effectiveness of KAB entrepreneurship training model in three phases: personal attitude, life style, and learner's behavior model. The statistical method includes mixed model which has been run interviews in qualitative phase and semi-experimental method in the quantitative one in pre and post test. Participants consist of 35 learners from Alborz TVTO office who have been evaluated after and before training. Questionnaire has been used and its reliability has been approved. Data analysis has been processed by SPSS. Results showed that KAB entrepreneurship training model has an effect on behavior and life style with no effect on personal attitude.