نشریه قضاوت
پیاپی 82 (تابستان 1394)

Company one mans, is a term that has recently entered the legal literature, without it, the relevant laws, any name, since it is used only for some of the company's formation a few traditional items by a person with limited, the lift is the European Union, countries in the forefront of this kind of shit forklift company come to regard, first, to agree and opposing opinions a lot about this new form of corporate activity that existed Eventually led to the creation of a coherent structure and base of a single company, pane was a partner. In line with international trade rules, antabgh in the article of the Bill, the Iran trade 479 dated 1391, forming a limited liability company, to lift a single partner has been forecast. But how to lift the company's existence the primary and up to what? The three pillars of the company's single-mode, in the special case, being a partner find what fitted properly? A single corporate liquidation and purify the stream of a partner is how?

Recognition endorsements to guarantee one of the important problems in civil proceedings. It is important that the law of civil procedure and commercial law, the definition of endorsements and guarantees were not provided. This research is due to the basic principles of commercial law and given the complexity of the technical issues specific to the concept of business documents (paper money, promissory notes and bills of exchange) and also the need to facilitate trade through regulations, through recognition concepts endorsements and guarantees on commercial documents, to identify similarities and differences of these two technical and functional place.

The drug is one of the major challenges in contemporary societies, as well as the added range of industrial and laboratory drug production, emerging crises, societies and governments have been involved. One of the ways to contain the crisis in the criminal policy, resorting to crime and criminal struggle with this phenomenon Reflecting on the legislative history of our country, the same method is used at various stages of history, many laws adopted and enforced. After the Islamic Revolution and the new anti-drug law, criminal policy of Iran to intensify crimes related to drugs, consider that all issues and aspects of it, is criminalized. Legislator in this law with or Aristotelian logic, with respect to the drug, to determine the penalty, to consider all sorts of drugs, drug abuse and crime and the punishment of flogging, imprisonment and death is frequently used However, the reflection and study on legislative policy successful countries in curbing drug-related offenses, especially European countries, this is not in some of these countries, all kinds of drugs are not ruling legislator, flogging and execution of arsenal Criminal remove them, carrying small amounts of drugs for consumption is not criminalized, sale and delivery of drugs in pharmacies for medicinal purposes allowed and more.so Can look at successful countries in crisis and a comparative study on criminal policy on drugs and use their experience in our legislative policy in dealing with crimes related to drugs, the revision of.

One of the known rules of jurisprudence is a rule called Firash that derived from the Hadith of the Priphet, that means Child is for his father and stone is for adulterous. As a result of this rule, a child born to woman- by supposing all Firash conditions-is belong to the man who has an offical life with that woman not adulterous or others. Iranian civil law to comply with this rule,codify the rule by this name in law. In past, This rule specified the child's prentage. Nowadays, new ways of proof the parentage such as blood test and DNA are emerged and experts say some of these ways have about 100% finality. In this essay, we try to criticize scientific and moral reasons of people who agree with new ways of proof the parentage. By this way we want to prove the reasons of people who believe that firash is a beyond time and place rule that can still be useful in determining these kinds of children's parentages.

Law has been one of the most effective and the most important tools in the governments hands to keep the basic values of the society, therefore, environmental values, after being mentioned as the basic values of the human society in the 1972 conference in Stockholm, all of the nations were bounded to set a set of accurate environmental rules for protecting and supporting the environment. Our nation ‘Iran’ also was not an exception to this rule and several environmental rules in various level such as civil, criminal, administrational and regulatory laws were also legislated in Iran. One of the most important rules in this regard is the law on protection of forests and pastures act of 1346 which has been approved in support of forests and pastures. This rule is also has resorted to more criminal and some legal sanctions to guarantee natural resources which seem not to be able to respond to environmental requirements in some cases.

The experiences of the period of globalization, demonstrate that Nonparticipation of people on the process of decision making, detriments the society. Therefore, societies oriented towards utilization of people participation. This alteration, lead to creation of new horizons of management of national or local affairs. Among different methods of absorbing these participations, is to create and to develop the activities of local organizations.In this article, it is shown that how the experiences of globalization, the increasing complexities of the contemporary society of Iran, decreasing of the government’s costs and its flexibility,prevention of the waste of people’s time and cost, being regional of affairs and acceleration of them and also the utilization of people participation, caused that Islamic councils in Iran play a very important role on social and political life after the revolution. Here, analysis of Islamic councils from the viewpoint of constitutional law has been emphasized. Based on constitutional law, councils are known as one of the bases of democracy in the country which by playing different roles, identify the influence of people in the management of local affairs; Yet, the activities of councils from insight or outsight aspect, is encountered with several difficults which makes it necessary to pay more attention towards them. It can be said that the attention of the lawgiver towards councils show that: Firstly, this entity from the functional point of view, has an important value. Secondly, it has potential capacities that in the case of realization, it can first lead to the reginal and local development and then, can eventuate to the development of the whole country. This article is about to, first analyze the theoretical aspects of the councils and then to study their history of appearance, characteristics, functions. Eventualy it wants to scrutinize their difficults and weaknesses.