نشریه پژوهش های روابط بین الملل
سال ششم شماره 1 (پیاپی 19، بهار 1395)

Looking for Shiite political revival in the Middle East, researchers believed the study of the Arabic development and expansion of democracy in the Middle East, developments in Bahrain, Syria, Yemen and diplomatic resolution of the Iranian nuclear issue are concerns of regional and international powers of the regional balance of power in favor of Iran and the subsequent religious conflicts in the Middle East has been followed. Based on this main question is that, what are sectarian tensions and religious conflicts in the Middle East? The hypothesis suggests that tension, religious conflict and sectarian war in the Middle East, regional and transregional powers to try and affiliated groups to disturb the balance of power in the region following developments mentioned. This study is organized in two parts; The first part focuses on explaining the events that led to Shiite political revival and changing the regional balance of power in favor of Iran. In the second part the reactions of Regional and international powers and their efforts to change regional balance of power against Iran Through religious and sectarian conflict.

Iraq has been witness facing insecurity intensified and development of ISIS in the new situation.New crisis caused by terrorist acts ISIS can be considered one of the most important security challenge for the region over the past decade.Because future evolution of Iraq will play an important role in drawing the power lines in this region. So, There are issues such as the political future of Iraq in the region, form the next government in Iraq after out of the crisis or Baghdad fell by the ISIS, a combination of government and the role of diverse groups ethnic – religious as well as the role of foreign forces in Iraq Central to this concern and attention.This article has recognized possible future based on futurology and scenario approach in Iraq. Actually the main question of paper has been what possible scenarios for the future based on the actors at national, regional and international relating to Iraq developments?In this context, the author’s identifies and examined four scenarios the possibility of low to high, unexpected unfavorable (fall of Iraq by ISIS), a favorable expected (complete failure ISIS in Iraq), unexpectedly favorable (decomposition Iraq to its collapse) and expected unfavorable (management Instability by America in Iraq). However, scenarios can systematically explore the coming challenges and opportunities be at the service of foreign policy strategies.

The recent events in Bahrain could be regarded as a good test for evaluating the balance of power in the Persian Gulf and the Middle East. Seemingly, these events have had great impacts on the Persian Gulf and the regional actors. Persian Gulf cooperation council (PGCC) which is composed of the countries in the Persian Gulf has also been influenced by these events .The rise and continuation of popular protests in Bahrain indicates this country’s specific status among PGCC members. Scrutinizing this particular status could help us find the roots and aspects of the recent events. Taking into consideration the significance of events in Bahrain in the region, we could examine the impacts of recent events on the structure and security-political policies of PGCC. The main question of thesis is: what impacts have had the recent events. In Bahrain on the structure and security-political policies PGCC? Our hypothesis as following: seemingly, the recent events in Bahrain have created structural changes in PGCC such as an increase in the number of PGCC member states and changes in security-political policies for controlling and maintaining the status quo as well.

The principle of non-interference in the Middle Eastern issues was the priority of Turkey’s foreign policy strategy during most of the twentieth century. However, over the past decade, Turkey has considerably distanced from its Kemalist and introspective tradition and has become one of the active and influential actors in the region. Consequently, subsequent to the Justice and Development Party coming to power in 2002, Turkey in the framework of the strategy of zero problems with neighbors, established closer relationships with its ancient rivals, namely Syria, Iran and Iraq, adopted the leadership role in the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, attended the Arab League conferences and helped United Nations Interim Forces in Lebanon. In the same vein, Ankara took on the role of mediator in resolving disputes between Israel and Syria (2008-2010) as well as Iran’s nuclear file. Thus, the question is that, based on such an approach, how can this new Turkish foreign policy be described and understood towards recent developments in the region.Therefore, it is tried to study the foreign policymaking of Turkey within the framework of Role Theory through the main question: “what are the impacts of Arab Revolutions on the role conceptions of Turkish foreign policymaking in the Middle East?” Accordingly, the hypothesis of this research is “the Arab Revolutions have resulted in the national role conceptions of Turkey in regard to the Middle East”.Thus, this article is an attempt to enlighten the roles of Turkey in its new foreign policy-making in the region and towards the recent uprisings in the Middle East through addressing the underneath effective layers that changed Turkey from its previous strategy.

Islamic Republic of Iran and Turkey, being located in the important and strategic region of the Middle East, have considerable historical background; both countries had ancient civilizations, going back before Islam, and vast empires. Both countries, throughout their histories, have always had a relationship full of ups and downs, sometimes in friendships, and sometimes in conflict and war. Iran and Turkey have always considered themselves as superior powers in the region and, while maintaining good relations, have also had serious competition. The main question of this article is to consider domestic and international factors, the field to which of the two countries of Iran and Turkey's role as a regional power is available? In this paper, using descriptive-analytic and analytic framework with the help of neo-realism, to compare the two countries will be discussed. Although the field of acting in the position of a regional power for both countries in such areas are available, but every country to achieve the status of regional hegemony, faced some major challenges.

The issue of participation in the political process of a society has been one of the main ideals and concerns of social and political intellectuals since the past in such a way that it can be said that the gradual development of public participation rights and establishment of political institutions practicing them are products of these concerns. In this arena, vindication of citizenship rights can influence the degree of political participation as one of the key concepts of political development in societies. Accordingly, the main objective of the present study is to investigate the relationship between vindication of citizenship rights and the degree of political participation in the two cities of Isfahan and Kermanshah. The research method employed in the present study is descriptive-survey research based on questionnaire completion. In addition, the results were investigated based on the comparative method. The data of the research were obtained from different areas of the two cities of Isfahan and Kermanshah. Then, via completion of questionnaires by 583 participants, the data were analyzed by the SPSS software. According to the findings, there was a significant correlation between vindication of citizenship rights and the degree of political participation. These values for vindication of political rights were as r=0.22 the City of Isfahan and as r=0.28 for Kermanshah City. In addition, the values for vindication of social rights were as r=0.19 for Isfahan and r=0.18 for Kermanshah. Moreover, the values for civil rights were r=0.22 for Isfahan and r=0.24 for Kermanshah City.

The issue of participation in the political process of a society has been one of the main ideals and concerns of social and political intellectuals since the past in such a way that it can be said that the gradual development of public participation rights and establishment of political institutions practicing them are products of these concerns. In this arena, vindication of citizenship rights can influence the degree of political participation as one of the key concepts of political development in societies. Accordingly, the main objective of the present study is to investigate the relationship between vindication of citizenship rights and the degree of political participation in the two cities of Isfahan and Kermanshah. The research method employed in the present study is descriptive-survey research based on questionnaire completion. In addition, the results were investigated based on the comparative method. The data of the research were obtained from different areas of the two cities of Isfahan and Kermanshah. Then, via completion of questionnaires by 583 participants, the data were analyzed by the SPSS software. According to the findings, there was a significant correlation between vindication of citizenship rights and the degree of political participation. These values for vindication of political rights were as r=0.22 the City of Isfahan and as r=0.28 for Kermanshah City. In addition, the values for vindication of social rights were as r=0.19 for Isfahan and r=0.18 for Kermanshah. Moreover, the values for civil rights were r=0.22 for Isfahan and r=0.24 for Kermanshah City.

The formation of international law especially after the foundation of United Nations (1945) is mainly based on the State’s practice through treaty-making process by States themselves. The States agrees to be bound by an treaty if the formal steps of agreement such as negotiation, signature, ratification etc. is respected. Since that time, the role of State’s consent has been diminished and the western countries focuses on the development of the “unconsensual international law”. In this paper, the practice of States are examined which shows that the present trend of international law take distance from hard law and shifts to the “soft law”. Taking note of the new development of international law , we study the States practices on the codification of the Paris Climate Change agreement of December 2015.

Good governance seeks to present a new and different way for governing states in contemporary political and legal life. This expression show us new perspectives about the quality and role of government in managing the state beside private sector and social society. In this study, we will explain the meaning of Good Governance according to international documents and will analyze its role in strengthening democracy and human rights. According to Good Governance theory, in modern political systems, democracy and human rights will support economic development and most of International Economic Organizations evaluate their members according to Good Governance indicators in order to improve their development programs and help them to respect democracy and protect human rights. The main characteristics of Good Governance policies are, Rule of the law, Transparency, Accountability, Participation. So this article is an attempt to explain the theory of Good Governance and its legal and political effects and prove that it will lead to real democracy and economic development.

Cyber Terrorism is an example of modern terrorist threats that due to the use of new technologies and computer in virtual space in it, used by actors in the international arena, which has a high technological knowledge. Because security dilemma is the biggest problem of human and security threats of modern Cyber Terrorism as constructivists believe, it must be viewed from the perspective of security and identity constructions, this research, cyber security evaluation is based on identity and security structures to establish legal in domestic and international arena. In fact, with this look at the state of the central actors in the field of international relations, and along of other actors of the international arena, with regard to the view of his identity explain legal rules, this article tries to review general concept of cyber terrorism as a criminal phenomenon and Strategies and shortcomings of the legal system to deal with it.This Research through interdisciplinary study and with constructivist approach, will explore the phenomenon of cyber-terrorism, and will respond to it, how mental frameworks actors in the international arena will be effective on creating cyber threats, and in resolving this security dilemma In the social process, actors identity and their perceptions in the prevention and legislation on the international arena, is effective.