نشریه مدیریت ورزشی
پیاپی 33 (مهر و آبان 1395)

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of customer knowledge management in creating competitive advantage from the perspective of Tractorsazi Tabriz fans. Method was descriptive - correlation. Cluster random sampling method was used to select sample. 450 questionnaires were usable after collection. Sharon Lawson (2003) Knowledge Management Questionnaire and Hoseini (2010) Competitive Advantage Questionnaire were used. The validity of these questionnaires were determined by sport management experts and their reliability was obtained by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient as 0.81 and 0.79 respectively. The Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was utilized to analyze data. The output of AMOS software showed the fit of the structural model (GFI = 0.91, AGFI = 0.91, NFI = 0.92, CFI = 0.97, RMSEA = 0.041). The results showed that the knowledge organization (beta coefficient = 0.41) was the strongest predictor of competitive advantage of this club among fans. Also, application of knowledge, knowledge creation, knowledge attraction, save and dissemination of knowledge (beta coefficient of 0.23, 0.21, 0.18, 0.13 and 0.07) were good predictors of competitive advantage from fan's perspective, that is to say those clubs which manage their customer's obtained knowledge increase their competitive advantage compared with other clubs.

Discrimination can have negative effects on sport team's performance. Identification of processes, contexts and contributing factors of discrimination can be a useful method to improve sport team's performance. The aim of this study was to design a model of discrimination in sport teams which was conducted through qualitative research method with an exploratory-fundamental nature. Data were collected by purposive-snowball sampling method based on in-depth interviews of academic experts and sport managers and coaches. According to grounded theory, data were analyzed after coding. The results showed that toxic environment of team as causal factors, lack of structural health of team as dominant contexts, internal factors of team as intervening conditions, insouciance of team management as action and interaction strategies and indifference toward a team as consequences of model of discrimination played a role in sport teams. According to the model of discrimination in sport teams, it is suggested that the role of various factors in causing discrimination in sport teams should be considered and systematic approaches should be adopted to prevent the consequences of discrimination. Special attention to contexts and contributing factors of discrimination in sport teams can reduce this phenomenon in sport teams.

The aim of this study was to model the effect of athletic identity on sport orientation in athletes participating in 11th sport Olympiad of male students in Iran. 400 students were selected as the sample of this study from 2130 students of population. Sport Orientation Questionnaire (SOQ, Gill et al., 1988, α=0.87) and the Athletic Identity Questionnaire (Cieslak, 2004, α=0.82) were used. The SOQ with 25 items measured three dimensions of sport orientation, and the Athletic Identity Questionnaire with 22 items assessed five dimensions of athletic identity. The data were analyzed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, multiple regression test, and Structural Equation Modeling at significance level of P≤0.05. The results showed that all dimensions of athletic identity (excluding negative affectivity) had a direct and significant relationship with sport orientation. Also, 0.41 of variance of orientation was predicted or explained by independent variables (self-identity, social identity, exclusivity, positive affectivity, negative affectivity) (R2 = 0.41).

The aim of this study was to rank the facilitators of participation of the elderly in physical activity. This research was descriptive-analytical and method of data collection was survey-field. Statistical population consisted of all elderly of Ahvaz city in 2014. The sample size was determined as 383 subjects. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. Its validity was assessed using diagnostic validity usingAVE index. Minimum value for AVE was calculated as 0.67. Reliability was assessed using construct reliability. Minimum value of CR was 0.86. The Cronbach alpha (α=0.91) showed the reliability of this questionnaire. Finally, TOPSIS technique was used to rank facilitators of participation of the elderly in physical activity in Ahvaz city. The findings showed that among the facilitators of participation in physical activity, environmental and facility factor (Ci = 0.8548) had the first position and financial and economic factor (Ci = 0.4479) had the lowest rank from the elderly's viewpoint. Due to the growing population of the elderly and according to these results, it seems that the physical activity problems of the elderly can reduce through more attention and deep understanding of the trainers and other health professionals in designing appropriate interventions.

The aim of this study was to evaluate sport coache's practical obligation towards their legal responsibilities from Urmia athlete's viewpoints. The research method was descriptive–survey carried out as a field. 384 athletes of Urmia city were randomly selected. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data and its reliability was evaluated by test–retest method (coefficient=%93). For data analysis, as the data distribution was normal, t student parametric test and ANOVA were used. The findings showed that 73.28% of sport coaches were aware of their legal responsibilities from athlete's viewpoint. There was a significant difference between male and female athletes in academic degree, experience and skill about sport coache's practical requirement to their legal responsibilities (P≤0.05). As subjects claimed that they were familiar with sport coache's legal responsibilities, it is recommended that sport rights brochures appropriate to safety and health of sport facilities for coaches, parents and athletes should be prepared to complete knowledge of sport community more than before.

Nowadays, the application of information technology is associated with barriers and challenges. So to prioritize barriers to information technology application in sports organizations, the viewpoints of 71 experts and managers of these organizations were collected by answering a researcher-made questionnaire. Validity (face, content) of this questionnaire was confirmed by experts and its reliability was confirmed as its inconsistency rate was less than 0.1. This study was a descriptive survey and data were analyzed by AHP method and Expert Choice 11 software. Findings showed that the organizational barriers (final weight=0.450) was the most important barriers of all. Also, among organizational barriers, planning barrier (final weight=0.372) and among technical barriers, hardware problems (final weight=0.481) received the first priority. Also, among personal barriers, weak motivation and eagerness (final weight=0.347) and among cultural barriers, failure to promote Information and communication technologies (ICT) culture (final weight=0.387) received the first priority. According to these findings, it can be stated that the organizational barrier was the most important barrier to use information technology in Iran sport organizations; therefore, proper plans are essential to eliminate this barrier.

The aim of this study was to assess the determinants of legal competences of sports managers from the viewpoints of academic experts and sports executives. The population consisted of 331 subjects including all sports executives of cities of Tehran province, Tehran city, Tehran municipality regions, universities in Tehran city, regions of education in Tehran and sport management professors of the universities in Tehran. According to Morgan & Krejcie table, 180 subjects were selected by stratified random sampling method as the sample of the study. Data were collected by 37-item Questionnaire of the Competencies of Sports Event Managers by TOH (1997). Findings showed that the six determinants of the legal competencies of sport executives were facility/equipment management, emergency plans, legal compliance, organizational policies and procedures, risk management, public relations respectively. Also, no statistically significant differences were observed between men and women viewpoints in the priorities of necessary legal competencies of executives (P≤0.05). It seems that continuous education of sport executives could prevent the risks and legal pleas and of awareness of authorities of human resources departments of legal issues related to sports management could prevent damages resulting from improper placement of individuals in sport management positions.

The link between sport and media as a cultural and commercial relationship requires proper management for both industries. Because of live broadcast and the possibility to view images, TV has a greatest impact on the link between media and sport. Due to the exclusivity of TV in Iran and its central role in active life of the public, it requires an investigation into ways that can place TV at the service of sport participation (with attractions). This does not diminish from the importance of high levels (professional sport and championship sport). Taking into account the active role of sports audience, this study reviewed the relationship between sport in audience's daily life and TV sports programs. This study used an analytical approach and data were collected by interviews with the audiences of sports programs. Gender segregation was considered in data analysis and the role of television in the sporting life of women and men was described in details. Results showed that existing condition of TV played no specific role in defining and shaping the lives of individuals in terms of participation and physical activity, but the audience might play a role in planning and scheduling TV sport programs and existing broadcast.

The aim of this study was to describe and determine the relationship between satisfaction and customer loyalty and word of mouth advertising in Zanjan bodybuilding clubs. The population of this study included all customers of bodybuilding clubs in Zanjan city who had at least one year of physical activities in these clubs. 280 customers were randomly selected from bodybuilding clubs and data of personal characteristics were collected by a checklist, Chen Satisfaction Questionnaire (2008) (α=0.84), Lim Loyalty Questionnaire (2006) (α= 0.92) and Kim Word of Mouth Advertising Questionnaire (2008) (α=0.89). Research method was correlation and Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression were used to analyze data. Generally, findings revealed a moderate relationship between components of satisfaction and customer loyalty in Zanjan bodybuilding clubs (r=0.550). There was a moderate relationship between satisfaction and word of mouth advertising in Zanjan bodybuilding clubs (r=0.462). The results showed that satisfaction could affect customer loyalty and word of mouth advertising in Zanjan bodybuilding clubs. Results also revealed that satisfaction was a proper predictor of loyalty and word of mouth advertising in Zanjan bodybuilding clubs.