پژوهش نامه تاریخ اسلام
سال سوم شماره 12 (زمستان 1392)

One of the important factors neglected seriously in the writings of Islamic historians is the movement of social and tribal minorities in the Islamic Caliphates. The prevalence of political and military issues in the writings of historians, especially in Omavid's Caliphate, has left no space for this issue. This historical negligence has made the job historians difficult to study the socio-historical nature of these movements and their causes. The movement of Kasahin and Ahloalkala and slaves of the south of Iraq—occurred during the reign of Abdol-almalek- ebne- Marvan—is among these social movements neglected in the civil wars of Muslims. This article attempts to study the social, economic and political roots of this movement and how this social movement was suppressed by Hajaj-Ibne-Yusof –e- Saqafi

The presence of Shiite families contemporary with the life of Imams and their subsequent influences on Shiite communities are the issues which need to be taken into consideration. These families played influential roles in developing Shiite ideologies and receiving and expanding the Imams’ Islamic and social teachings. They also played important roles in leading political activities. Yaqtyn family was among well-known intellectual and political Shiite families of Kufa (in the middle of the second to third centuries) whose members were close companions and friends of the Imams. Among them were hadith narrators who narrated the sayings of the Imams and jurists who worked on Islamic jurisprudence, commentaries and theology. Academic contributions made by Yaqtyn family in transmission and expansion of the principles of jurisprudence, theology and Shia hadith are noteworthy. Furthermore, this family laid the foundations for authenticity in narrating hadiths. Studying the scientific and cultural contributions of Yaqtyn household is the aim of this research.

One of the main principles of stability of a government is receiving and transmitting news to the capital as quickly as possible so that appropriate and timely decisions can be made. This has long led to invention of different methods for transmitting and accessing the news. The analysis shows that organizations such as Pony Express system, Brigadier Court, and Noble Court were established in order to receive timely news and deliver it in time. Among others, Brigadier Court enjoyed a higher publicity and efficiency, though it was discharged after Baghdad overthrown. Anyway, the necessity of receiving and transmitting the news and information in the following eras, especially in the Safavid era, made the Safavid government utilize similar methods.
The universal status and the strategic location of the Safavid government, standing along Ottoman and Uzbeks governments, as well as its great power, solidarity, and authority in Iran, further increased the necessity of receiving and transmitting of information. The present research aims at examining the approaches taken by the Safavid government for receiving and transmitting the news. The posed questions are: How was the information received and transmitted in the Safavid territory? What was the effect of informing and spying system on the stability or decadence of the Safavid government?
The hypothesis is that the dispersal of responsibilities on informing and spying and lack of stable organization for receiving and disseminating information were among the main reasons for Safavid decadence; which eventually led to its ongoing weakness and overthrown. The historical data provided in the paper would display a clear picture of this system and confirm the above-mentioned hypothesis.

In the 17th century A.D, branches of “Otub” tribe that dwelt in Najd of Arabia started to migrate to different areas including Iraq, Damascus, and Persian Gulf, because of frequent droughts and their nomadic nature. Those tribes that moved toward Persian Gulf and settled in Kuwait were Al- Khalifas, Al-Sabahs and Al- Jalahimahs. Later on, Al- Khalifas moved to Qatar and settled in a western area of this country called Zubarah. In 1783 A.D, they invaded to Bahrain, ended the ruling of Al- Mazkoor – that ruled in favor of Iranian Government – and took the control of the country by taking advantage of appropriate time and specific polices. Taking the power in Bahrain, Al- Khalifas confiscated Shiites properties and set them to hard labors. Given that, Shiites were prohibited from being employed in any governmental departments and were forced to pay oppressive taxes, as well. As a result, Shiites found a place in the lowest level of political and economic status. However, the second-decade reformations of the 20th century and attempts made by Hamad bin Isa bin Salman (1999 A.D) made some good changes in economic conditions of the Shiites; though the movement did not help them to get their rights back. Hence, dissatisfactions with the government continued. The present research considers the influential reasons for Al- Khalifas victory in capturing Bahrain and its influences on economic status of Shiites community in this country.

The Medina community that was established by the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) was so different from its past history and what was in people's mind that it is not far-fetched to be entitled as Utopia. It was a society based on high values and progress indicators like security, culture, discipline and freedom and with rapid development for many years. Therefore, it took fairly a long time until laxity and weakness penetrated in such a community. Such developments were the result of revelatory teachings, actions and great trainings of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). Such teachings, with the blessings of God, came to fruition quickly and were manifested widely in all aspects of people’s life in terms of peace and comfort, culture and civilization.
Prior to that, Yathrib, named Medina Al-Nabi after the Prophet Muhammad’s migration, was about to decline due to its serious challenges with normative and civil principles, as well as its lack of any political, cultural and social organizations. However, a miraculous evolution, enjoying great changes and developments, occurred there in short time as a result of the presence of the Prophet. Establishment of the government, codification of constitution, expansion of brotherhood and equality in the society, possibility of voluntarism and opportunity to benefit from human rights as well as recognition of the essential issues and necessary duties were among these developments. Accordingly, Medina succeeded as an Islamic city to be seen as a symbol of a modern society. This article aims to briefly clarify the developments and progress of the community of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh), arising from the teachings, life, and traditions of the Prophet.

Individuals living in the early Islamic history, based on their positions, had various impacts on formation of events. Saad Ibn Abi Waghas was among the people who had an influential political and social role in his contemporary time due to his family position, his early emracement of Islam, his familiarity with martial issues, his participation in wars, and his membership in council for election of the caliph. To better understand the various events of that time, especially during the rulings of Osman and Imam Ali, it is inevitable to know and investigate his character. Adopting an analytic- descriptive method and using documents and original sources, the present paper attempts to clarify the role of Saad Ibn Abi Waghas in early Islamic history.