نشریه جغرافیا و توسعه فضای شهری
سال سوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 4، بهار و تابستان 1395)

After industrial revolution, complex economic and technical developments led to wide changes in the size of cities, the proportion of the population in urban areas, and the growth rate of urbanization (Johnson, 1998). More than half of the world population currently lives in urban areas and the uncontrolled expansion of cities is becoming a global concern. It is predicted that over 65% of world’s population by 2025 will be living in cities (Kaya, 2006). Meanwhile the rapid increase in the urban sprawl leaves a harmful impact on the environment (Jaeger, et al, 2010). Nowadays, most developing countries are dissatisfied with the process of the spatial expansion of their settlements (Zebardast, 2004). Such disproportionate growth of cities plus the ordinate density of urban areas have led to the phenomenon such as informal settlements (Shiite, 2002). The consequences of such phenomenon are increased and unused lands, the high proportion of open spaces, the reduced population density, the fragmentation of urban sectors and social segregation. This study aimed to examine the factors affecting the rapid and spiral expansion of the city of Rasht. The findings obtained from the current study can help to manage the city of Rasht in deliberate planning for preserving the environmental resources such as agricultural lands and gardens through vertical development policies, attention to the plans for land preparation, the performance of housing cooperatives, and providing appropriate lands through establishing the urban land banking within the framework of the proposed strategic plan.
Theoretical framework: The theoretical framework of the study is based on Holder n’s quantitative method in order to determine the indiscriminate urban growth. The advantages of this method is to determine the factors associated with urban sprawl (e.g. population and indiscriminate growth) while this model can be interpreted easier compared to other models (Anseline, 1995). Therefore, Holdern’s model is considered as one of the fundamental methods in determining indiscriminate urban growth. Using this method, the amount of urban growth caused by the population growth and the indiscriminate urban growth can be determined (Ebrahimzadeh, 2009).
The current study is an applied research and the method is of descriptive-analytical approach. The maps were drawn using GIS software while the analysis data were done using the obtained maps in the next step.
The results obtained from Holdern’s model concerning the city of Rasht revealed that between the years 1966 and 2006, about 57% of the city’s physical growth was associated with population growth, and 43% was associated with vertical and spiral growth leading to a decrease in gross population density and an increase in urban lands per capita gross.
This study aimed to examine the physical development of the city of Rasht to determine the factors affecting the spatial development of the city, to review the history of development for the city and the pattern for physical development, to identify the abilities and limitations of physical development and to provide solutions for fundamental and practical planning for the spatial development of the city. The method of the study was of descriptive-analytical approach. After reviewing the historical development of the city, the factor and limitations affecting the spatial and physical development of the city were examined. The role of urban development plans and projects (detailed and comprehensive scheme, preparation, housing cooperatives, Mehr Housing Project, etc.) were then examined in the context of urban development of the city of Rasht. The administrative, service and tourism capacity of Rasht and the attraction of population from local and regional areas have led to an increase in the population of the city. This has provided the need for lands in order to supply housing for different social strata along with the development of unplanned buildings, constructions and their expansion towards agricultural lands and gardens. Such consequences have increased the need for deliberate, appropriate, and organized urban designing and planning for an optimized utilization of the available lands in the city. Moreover, various factors, including the increase of deserted barren lands, the expansion of informal settlements, and the integration of villages to urban areas as well as the housing cooperatives and urban development projects have played a major role in the unbalanced spatial development of the city.
The speculation of more than 25 % of barren lands in the city’s legal boundary, 7.7% of the expansion of informal settlements, 5.6% of the development of housing cooperatives, and the 25.4% of the increase in the integration of villages to urban areas, which is inconsistent with the approved detailed and comprehensive developmental plans of the city have played a major role in the unbalanced development of the city. The contribution of only three factors of the integration of villages into the main urban districts, the development of housing cooperatives and the development of informal settlements have added a surface area of almost 4051 hectares to the main legal district of the city, equivalent to 39.6% of the total area of the city. Another factor affecting the city’s unbalanced spatial development is the urban land-use changes while implementing the comprehensive and detailed projects and plans that have added a surface area of almost 9290 hectares to the city from the implementation of the first comprehensive project (i.e. from 1966 to 2006).

City is a living creature formed through the interaction of different forces in unique substantiality. One of the main aspects of each city is its landscape; urban landscape is the experience of people as the members of society. Landscape is an objective and subjective phenomenon that is the part of peoples’ nature in a city. In fact, the process of landscape planning is the art of visual and structural integrating into buildings, streets, and places, which build the urban environment.
Visual landscape analyses include studies that determine the quality of a place and the interaction between its visual elements on a perceptual basis. They constitute an essential means for providing the orientation data for physical planning and designing through the implementation and maintenance processes. By approaching the physical environment through such studies, it is possible to evaluate the visual ambience efficiently, to identify the existing and potential problems, and to gain help in finding solutions. Such an analysis can be regarded as the process of identifying classes of visual quality based on an inventory of the visual landscape, including the number of people who see it, the level of any concerns they may have and the consideration of its various values.
Theoretical Framework:‘Landscape’ is one of the few concepts with only positive connotations. Even when we talk about ‘waste landscapes’, ‘derelict landscapes’ or even ‘dystopian landscapes’, they have this aspect of artistic scenery that takes us away from smell, cold, hunger, and privation to a sheer visual and aesthetic level of contemplation.
‘Landscape’ in this sense is a reductive, horizontal concept, extracting the visual prop¬erties and the geometrical relationships as ‘reality’. On the other hand, ‘landscape’ is also one of the most inclusive concepts used to point out, label and describe our surroundings. Derived from intentions to communicate on the experienced ‘life world’, to signify a physical context which is more or less defined by borders of some kind, its cohesive abilities have made it of excellent use as metaphor, e.g. ‘a landscape of ideas’ or ‘the business landscape of the 90s’. In the field of urban planning, however, it is more appro¬priate to understand the concept of landscape, not as a metaphor, but as a representation in linguistic as well as visualized meanings. The point in using ‘landscape’ to represent an entirety is precisely to be able to move back and forth between what is expressed as the landscape at the level of representations and what is experienced as the landscape at the level of what is represented. Landscape planners are concerned with the 'health' of the landscape, just as doctors are concerned with bodily health. This analogy can be taken further. Medical doctors both advise on the health of individuals and matters of public health. When individuals take actions injurious to their own health, this is regarded as a private matter. But if they take actions injurious to public health, these actions are properly regulated by law. The collective landscape is a public good which should be protected and enhanced by legislation and public administration. If, for example, mineral extraction has a damaging impact on the landscape, this is a proper field for intervention. Negative impacts on the landscape could include visual impacts, ecological impacts, hydrological impacts and recreational impacts. As well as protecting the existing public goods, societies are responsible for the creation of new public goods. This can be done by positive landscape planning. There are, for example, many former mineral workings (e.g. the Norfolk Broads) which have become important public goods. Medical doctors are trained in anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, and so forth before becoming practitioners. Landscape doctors are trained in geomorphology, hydrology, ecology, and so forth before becoming practitioners in design and planning.
The present research aims at improving and promoting visual and conceptual urban landscapes in the city of Taft by prioritizing the effective elements in landscape. To do so, this research used descriptive and analytical method, which required information from written sources of field research such as going directly to organizations and using interviews. For data analysis, Analytic Network Process (ANP) was used. Public spaces, visual preferences, and physical structures are three clusters in which for each cluster three nodes were determined. In determining the relationship between the nodes and the priority of each one, the compiled proportional interviews to ANP model along with the obtained data were analyzed through the software. Results show that the watercourse of the river is given top priority among the public spaces.
Discussion & Among three nodes related to the physical structure, urban furniture is given top priority. Among three nodes related to the visual priorities, Aleman's and statues are given top priority, whereas with a little difference electroluminescent is our priority in urban landscape planning in the city of Taft. Finally, recommendations are made for improving each of the spaces of the study.

Considering the rapid growth of the world population, it is predicted that in the future the majority of this vast population will be concentrated in cities, particularly cities of developing countries. According to United Nations’ prediction in 2000, the world population will surpass 2.06 billion by 2030. This population growth will be specifically more evident in third world countries. On the other hand, continuity of this trend and the rapid growth of urban population in these countries will usher in some problems such as: increase in poverty in cities, insufficient access to housing and basic municipal services and etc. Therefore, research regarding promoting justice apropos accessibility of services, particularly educational services is one of the necessities of the present age. In this study, Miandoab has been selected as the city under study; according to the latest physical divisions, Miandoab boasts 6 municipal districts and 30 neighborhoods. Similar to other Iranian cities, Miandoab has experienced a rapid growth in urbanism following land reforms. Taking into account the rapid growth of the population in this city, the need for educational services and facilities is becoming ever more urgent. Thus the need for paying attention to the way municipal services and facilities are distributed, in line with principles of social justice, is being felt more than before.
Theoretical Framework: One of the major concepts which this research accentuates is that of social justice in cities. Social justice is a modern concept which concerns providing equal opportunities, living along with chances. Robert Putnam defines social justice as equality of civil obligations and responsibilities in a society and equality of spread of problems among various groups in society. Within the context of human rights, social justice is considered as competition. For Baldry, social justice involves considering both personal and individual shared rights and obligations. However, David Harvey is the first geographer who in his invaluable book entitled “social justice and the city” uses the concept of social justice as promoting public good, a criterion for income distribution in various locations, fair allocation of resources and fulfilling people’s basic needs.
The present study is a practical one which has been conducted using an analytical-comparative methodology. For the purpose of data analysis, entropy coefficient for the manner population distribution in the city, Moran’s index in ARC GIS for the pattern of school distribution throughout the city, ELECTRE, which is one of the most important methods in multi-criteria decision making, for rating municipal districts in terms of accessibility to mentioned services and finally, Williamson’s model for evaluating the situation of each district, in terms of availability of those services were used.
Findings and The result of the entropy coefficient, which was 0.95 for the entire city, is indicative of balanced distribution of the population throughout the six districts of the city. On the contrary, the pattern of school distribution in the city, which was obtained using Moran’s index, shows a random, casual distribution of the educational services throughout 99 percent of the city. With regards to the findings of entropy coefficient and Moran’s index and considering the two factors of interest (population and junior high school educational services) along with the manner of their distribution in the city, it becomes clear that services, taking the city’s population distribution in mind, have not been allocated justly. To shed more light on the issue, Williamson’s model was used. The result of this model, which was obtained using population and (junior high school) educational resources per capita, reveals that out of six municipal districts, two districts, that is districts one and two respectively, are in a balanced situation in terms of accessibility. On the contrary, districts four, five and six are having an unbalanced situation. Finally, the results of the ELECTRE model which was used for rating municipal districts in line with seventeen educational criteria (for junior high school) shows that among the six districts, district four occupies the first place in terms of accessibility of the studied indicators
Conclusion and Suggestions: The present study was a brief examination for evaluating justice in Miandoab. Using the results of various methods that were incorporated to evaluate justice, inequality and accessibility throughout the city, it was revealed that the distribution of educational resources and municipal districts’ level of accessibility to such services is unjust and that the majority of the residents of the city do not have proper access to these services. Therefore, following suggestions are made to improve the status quo throughout the districts of the city: It is necessary to plan and allocate municipal facilities in accordance with the capacity, potential and limitations of each district. In other words, it is obligatory to offer educational services considering the population of each district and the population in need of education.
• District one of Miandoab has recently joined the city and land-uses together with municipal services are yet to be fully located in this area of the city. Thus the necessity for paying attention to this district for keeping balance and justice among municipal districts is of paramount importance.
• District two is another district where the majority of residents have immigrated from adjoining villages. To put it differently, it is a district which in comparison with other ones has expanded and grown without any prior planning or adherence to a large number of municipal standards and criteria. Consequently, paying more attention to this district should be high on the agenda for municipal planners and authorities.

Today the role and the importance of open and green spaces are significantly increasing in the environment and the quality of building complex. Therefore, open and green spaces are considered as intrinsic, parts of land use planning decision in most countries. The gardens in the city of Jahrom are the indexes of Iranian thought and creativity and also the climatic consistency. Urban garden should be planned in green lands and some particular situations such as the arid climate. It should be mentioned that urban gardens are important in these conditions. In recent years, these gardens were destructed due of different causes along with the lack of plan. Therefore, human settlements and irregular buildings were replaced by green spaces or gardens. Gradually, these gardens were subjected to destruction risk. In this field, the main study questions include: 1) What are the most important causes of land use change in the gardens of the city of Jahrom; 2) What is the role of urban management in the land use change of gardens?
Theoretical Framework: In urban management of all organizations, organizations and individuals are said to affect the process of city management either formally or informally. One of the most important factors contributing to the preservation of green space (gardens) and the prevention of any changes in the region is how to manage these experiences. The purpose of urban land use change is to change the plans approved by the city, including the plans within the framework of the comprehensive plan and the city services. The discovery and identification of changes in urban land use planning is one of the most important issues and requirements of urban management. In this sense, the issues of regulation and urban planning, organization and social justice in terms of equality and inequality in the distribution and value-added taxes in the city are important. The awareness of this clash of economic interests as opposed to natural resources makes reviewing and modifying the content and the enforcement of laws inevitable. In legal terminology, the change of application is defined as having permission to use the land in a way different from what is predicted in the approved city plans. The change of application is due to the request of the owner, municipal declaration, and the approval of article 5 of the Supreme Council of Architecture and Urban Planning Commission. In this situation, ownership and domination are outstanding. But sometimes the change is done without informing the owner.
The method used in the study is descriptive–analytical; it is of applied-developmental approach. This study has tried to investigate the effective cause of land use change in the gardens of the city of Jahrom by emphasizing the role of urban management. In this field, needed data has been collected through library data and survey studies (questionnaire and observation).
Excel and GIS software have been used to analyze the collected data through the questionnaire. The population of this study consist of studying garden land use change files for purposes of observing legal framework in Article 5 commission in the municipality of Jahrom. The numbers of 36 plots of gardens have been investigated that have changed land use during 1996 -2010 (by Article 5 commission and field yield) It should be mentioned that during these years, all of changed land use gardens were 21 gardens in Article 5 commission of municipality of Jahrom and 15 gardens changed land use by field yield operations and interview with yield owner. These gardens have changed land use informally and in all owner agreement with municipality.
The effective factors in the land use change of gardens in the city of Jahrom can be divided into two sets of general and special factors: 1. General factors
These factors include all of gardens and are not just for a special part of gardens.
2. Special factors
The effective factors in the land use change of gardens in the city of Jahrom and their change rates during years of 1996-2010 indicate that 190 hectares of these gardens have changed their land use to other urban land use during these years. About 5 hectares of these gardens have been lost due to the economic factors (mainly the land and house added value). The factors in question include 26.84% all land use changes of gardens during this statistical period. Therefore, it is safe to say that economic factors (mainly land and house added value) are considered the most important factors in the land use change of gardens in the city of Jahrom.
Conclusionsand Suggestions: The findings of the study indicate that effective factors in the land use change of gardens in the city of Jahrom are of two kinds: general and special. During the years of 1996-2010, about 190 hectares of gardens changed their land use to other urban land use. Economic factors are considered the most important causes of the land use change of gardens in the city of Jahrom. Mostly the land use change of gardens and green spaces are related to the residential use (88.9%). It is safe to conslude that the regulations of Article 5 Commission and the agreement of owner and municipality in the domain of the land use changes of green spaces have resulted in the residential land use significantly. Therefore, the performance of the municipality of Jahrom with respect to the Article 5 Commission has not been successful in preserving green space (gardens). Finally, to avoid this change of use, it is proposed to use barren lands within the city for the urban infrastructure development to maintain gardens in line with sustainable development.

Urbanization is a process which leads to the growth of cities and urban changes due to industrialization and economic development. In other words, urbanization is an inevitable and demographic force and movement which should not be neglected. Informal settlements, which took place in Europe after the Industrial Revolution at the time of the transition from the traditional society to the modern society soon became widely popular in the developing countries. But we can definitely say that this phenomenon was particular related to the developing countries and fell out of fashion in the developed countries. The increasing growth of urbanization rate due to the countries’ development in the developing countries led to the formation of informal settlements. Presently, these current settlements are their tangible reality; therefore, theorizing the reason for their growth and development as parts of the environment is of great importance.
Theoretical Framework: There are three main theories regarding the informal settlement in the developing countries: first, the theory of Chicago School in 1930 which considers informal settlements as a separation from residential regions due to the difference in the levels of income and the ethnic and racial groups competing to acquire more proper and valuable lands in urban areas. The second approach, Alonso’s neo-liberal theory, considers informal settlements a response to the housing needs of urban residents who cannot afford to buy a formal settlement because of discriminatory laws; finally the third theory, the postmodern theory of urban/ecological perspective considers that informal settlements formed as the result of separating professions among the urban spaces and that urban residents are housed according to their profession and social statuses.
We can point out four main theories regarding the formation of informal settlements in the developing countries, including land management, colonial heritage, economic inequality, and imbalance of supply and demand. The first school believes that city officials’ inefficiency and weakness in land management and insufficient urban plans leads to informal settlement. The second perspective links the development of informal settlements to historical and political factors, especially colonialism, pre-colonialism actions and civil and political instability. The third view refers to the new economic system which plays a significant role in the development of informal settlements. This theory interprets the city businesses, and class and income differences resulting in the residential separation and social deprivation. The fourth theory relates the advent of informal settlements to the imbalance in the supply and demand process of urban merchandises (land, services, and substructure). This theory attempts to stabilize the informal settlements and recover them.
Generally speaking, there are several different and contradictory theories for informal settlements. But as for the ecological theory apart from its being a simplistic perspective, a type of social Darwinism can be seen. As for the theory which considers the colonial and capitalist factor worthy of blame, it should be added that it has shunned the responsibility and has failed to consider the role of internal factors.
The goal of the present research is applied, which is of descriptive-analytical kind in terms of its nature and approach. In order to study the spatial growth trend of informal settlements in the city of Khoy, the present research used Land Sat TM5 of the years 1976, 1989, 2000 and 2011 while it used CA-Markov Model for the prediction of its growth.
The formation and trend of spatial growth of informal settlements in Khoy in the time span under study indicates that it follows a pattern similar to other cities in the country which is confirmed by the results of other studies. Along similar lines, Sarvar (2009) studied informal settlements in Tehran and concluded that the constant growth of informal settlements due to the population and migration growth the and slow nature of structural reforms are effective factors in the development of informal settlements in a metropolis such as Tehran at least until 2025.
Conclusion and Suggestions: The results of the study show that the core issue in the formation of informal settlements in the city of Khoy was formed in its northern district (Jamshid Abad) with the area of 31.84 hectares between the years 1975 and 1976. The process of growth in the areas of informal settlement suggests that it was increased in 1976 with the area of 31.84 hectares to 174.78 hectares in 1989 to 670.86 hectares in 2000 and to 913.05 in 2012. Also, the prediction of spatial growth of informal settlements in Khoy was used by means of combining Marcov Chain and cellular automata (CA), which shows that the area of these settlements will increase up to 1036.35 hectares in 2026.

The widespread use of the Internet in urban communities has changed the geographical concentration of services and has led to the emergence of urban electronic services. Improving productivity and increasing access are the benefits of creating electronic services. To achieve these benefits, the acceptance of electronic services in the community should be considered. Given the importance of this issue, the present study evaluates the effective factors in adopting the electronic services by citizens in Mashhad. In doing so, the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) has been used in this study.
Theoretical Framework: Electronic services include all services which are provided through information technology, telecommunications and multimedia and the client interacts only with the right tools to obtain his/her favorable interest. Security concerns, individual differences, and the digital gap are among the issues which can influence the acceptance of electronic services, and block the future growth of E-services. Therefore, evaluating the acceptance of the E-services is a complicated and multidimensional procedure which should consider some aspects of various and disparate fields. TAM is one of the best models that can be used in identifying effective factors and providing effective and sustainable solutions in the acceptance of E-services.
Firstly, through library studies the effective factors were categorized in three dimensions, including individual, social, and technological. Then, these factors were modeled with TAM. In this model, there are two factors, namely perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use in the utilization of E-services which leads to more willingness of citizens to use E-services. Meanwhile, the external factors influence these two variables as such.
Based on five Likert-type scale questionnaire, the citizen’s ideas on these effective factors were identified using the field studies and the documentary studies. The reliability of the questionnaire was 0.9, which was acceptable. The population of the study was all citizens of Mashhad, whereas380 samples were selected based on Cochran formula. In the present study, some various methods were used for different purposes. Inter regression testing was used to compare and identify the impact of the recognized aspects on dependent variables of the TAM…was used to evaluate the items in each dimension. And finally Friedman test was used to prioritize the confirmed item. The perceived ease of use in E-services influenced the perceived usefulness. In addition, the type and intensity of this relation was identified using the Pearson correlation coefficient.
In prioritizing the confirmed items, some items have higher rankings, including anxiety while facing a computer, personal empowerment, self-security and privacy, quality of doing electronic stuffs, and simplifying the electronic activities process in relation to perceived usefulness variable and infrastructure of the system, simplifying the processes involved in doing the electronic stuff, and also output quality in relation to perceived ease of use in electronic services. Reviewing different studies confirmed these results. In this regard, Vankatesh et al. (2000) reached the conclusion that people’s anxiety while facing the computer is an effective factor of the perceived usefulness in E-services. In the present study, in fact, this item has the highest priority.
Elahi et al. (2010) identified personal empowerment as one of the most determining factors in adopting information systems. In the present study, this item was confirmed as an effective item of perceived usefulness in the use of E-services. Benham et al. (2003) also conclude that one of the main obstacles of accepting E-services is the virtual security of people’s personal information. In the same vein, Mac Color (2000) criticizes the weakness of security of information systems. In Mashhad, this study showed that maintaining the security and privacy influences the perceived usefulness of E-services .Khakpour et al. (2014) argue that simplifying the process of doing electronic stuff is one of the effective factors of accepting E-service and implementing E-city as well as improving security in the net. This item was verified in the present study likewise.
Conclusion and Suggestions: Regression test showed that the three dimensions have direct positive effect on the perceived usefulness and the perceived ease of use. The perceived ease of use in E-services has also a direct and positive effect on the perceived usefulness of these services. Some of the present items in this dimension influence the perceived usefulness of E-services, some influence the perceived ease of use in E-services, and some even influence both aspects. In prioritizing the confirmed items, some items have higher rankings, including anxiety while facing a computer, personal empowerment, self-security and privacy, quality of doing electronic stuffs, and simplifying the electronic activities process in relation to perceived usefulness variable and infrastructure of the system, simplifying the processes involved in doing the electronic stuff, and also output quality in relation to perceived ease of use in electronic services.. According to the obtained results, to relieve the people’s anxiety while facing a computer and also improving their personal abilities, it is recommended that citizens’ education should be pursued by the government. To ensure the citizens’ security and personal privacy, it is suggested that we should increase the sponsorship by the government, because this will lead to financial supports, the removal of the relevant restrictions concerning the import of tools and equipment, and the facilities of equipment and system integration, which will improve the security of cyberspace accordingly.

Currently the study of urban exhausted tissues is one of the major issues in urban policies as well as the contemporary urban planning in Iran. Lack of attention to exhausted tissues results in the growth of these tissues and the remove of local residents from these areas over time. Therefore, the problem of identifying the type of exhausted tissues based on appropriate criteria and indexes and the type of intervention methods tailored for the exhaustion are of great importance. In Iran, there are more than100cities with exhausted tissue, covering an area of about 87,000hectares. The city of Isfahan, the third largest metropolitan city in Iran, has 2157.3 ha (about13% of city area) of exhausted tissues. The exhausted tissues of quarters located in the third municipality District of the city require more attention, because they cover a large portion of the historical tissues of the city (nearly 299.06ha).
Theoretical Framework: The current indexes defined by the High Council of Iranian Architecture and Urban Planning for policy makers to take action on exhausted tissues is limited to only three physical indexes, including fined-grain plot, impenetrability, and instability. These indexes cannot be used as factors in identifying the exhausted tissues of a city or even the quarters of a city to develop solutions for improving and organizing these tissues. Indeed, each city or quarter needs a customized vision of organization and intervention based on their unique characteristics and properties, because the share of each index of exhaustion is different in various quarters. Comprehensive planning and attention to all aspects, including social, economical, physical, structural, environmental, and services result in improving the quality of the human environment and create social and economic values in cities. This study is tracking such attempts with a focus on identifying the indexes of exhausted tissues. This study also investigates the hypothesis that in addition to three well-known and commonly suggested physical indexes, environmental, social, economical, structural and service-related criteria can lead to the exhaustion of the old tissues. Also, this study argues that there is a relationship between the rate, intensity, type of exhaustion, and the methods of interventions in exhausted tissues. It also indicates the pattern used for determining the ordering priorities of exhausted tissues. Therefore, sixcriteriaand27 indexes are introduced as effective factors in the exhaustion process while24 of its defined indexes were assessed on eight quarters.
This paper is a descriptive-analytical study following a qualitative-quantitative approach to the problem of exhausted tissues. During the analysis stage, the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) model and SWOT technique have been used. To collect the necessary data, both theoretical and field surveys extracted from various sources, including books, articles, the information of organizations, questionnaires, maps, and images were used. The survey sample, including the total population and the total number households residing in the area was defined using Cochran formula after adjustments based on the limitations of this research. The survey sample included 262 questionnaires. The sampling method is simple probability and questionnaires were systematically distributed in the quarters. At the pre-test phase, 30 questionnaires were distributed in the quarters to measure the validity and reliability of the questionnaire. Obtaining 0/811 as Cronbach's alpha coefficient, the questionnaires were distributed in the quarters. Indexes in this study (i.e. six criteria, including physical, environmental, social, economic, structural, and services along with 24 indexes) are compared and evaluated using AHP. In addition, exhausted quarters are compared and categorized according to the indexes developed through this model. Finally, the priorities of intervention approaches in the quarters are determined, depending on the amount and type of exhaustion. The modeling of this research has been done using Expert Choice software.
The results indicate that among the six main criteria, physical, structural, environmental, economic, social and service criteria have the most significant impact on the exhaustion tissues in the studied urban quarters. Furthermore, comparing quarters based on the mentioned indexes, Joybareh, Shahshahan, Sonbolastan, Emamzadeh Ismail, Sarcheshmeh, Naghsh-e-Jahan, Sartaveh and Ahmadabad quarters have acquired the highest to the lowest rank in terms of the exhaustion quantity accordingly. The first and second priority of intervention methods for each quarter according to their exhaustion type is also discussed. Thus, it can be concluded that physical, structural, environmental, economic, social, and service factors are effective in the identification, intervention methods, and prioritization of exhausted tissues.
The results of this research showed that several indexes beyond the three common indexes (fined-grain plot, impenetrability, and instability) are involved in the exhaustion of tissues in quarters. Indeed, a series of different processes cause exhaustion also the weakness, and in effectiveness of these tissues. However, to take and organize actions we need to correctly identify and select most appropriate intervention approach based on the type of exhaustion. In summary, there is a need to review all identified indexes for exhausted tissues to codify and offer comprehensive indexes in their all aspects, and consequently evaluate the tissues of quarters and develop intervention approaches and solutions based on the type, intensity, and amount of exhaustion. The exhausted areas identified based on the suggested indexes this research are different from the areas identified and approved by Supreme Council of Urban Planning and Architecture based on the three physical indexes. In this research, the effect of structural, social, economic, environmental, and services is included in exhaustion indexes. The three common indexes are not generalizable for all quarters, regions, and cities; therefore they cannot be used to propose similar intervention approaches. In addition, determining qualitative or quantitative standards appropriate to the proposed indexes aimed at defining the exhaustion of different quarter of city and the exhaustion limit of these areas based on the mentioned indexes can be offered as an avenue for further research in the future.

Spatial segregation in Tabriz metropolitan physically indicates some poor infrastructure indexes such as lack of arterial transportation networks, lack of water supply and sewage networks, inadequate housing, increasing and inhumane density, lack of service per capita, but from a social and cultural perspective, it is the vehicle of marginal identity that in interacting with separated physical space, has created incommensurability of context and margin in Tabriz metropolitan and most of Iran's metropolitans. The concept of spatial segregation involves a long term process of community's maturity in some city areas that challenge the city integrity. This segregation is an outcome of communities losing in the game of modern urban planning. Therefore it is a historical form and it happens throughout time. The physical and environmental renewal projects in recent decades could not have an effect on reducing the spatial segregation and still more than 6 percent and over 20 percent of population of the city remain in the area that display incommensurability of context- margin.
Theoretical Framework: Economic and social factors impose some conditions on metropolis that they form some spatial convergence or divergence and it could be reinforced or weakened by the state's plans. From a historical view or power and knowledge genealogy, spatial segregation is rooted in voluntary and mandatory factors, in other words voluntary or mandatory intentions of different groups to separate their selves in the square. And even in the different periods corresponding with three different dimensions that it is: 1- economic order or economic structure, 2- state and order of political structure, 3- social – life scene. Alongside the modernism process, spatial segregation phenomenon has accepted diverse geographical forms and patterns. From a spatial view, segregation shift from city center to the suburbs is one of the outcomes of modernity. In other words, the segregation phenomenon in the lord and vassal period or feudalism, before having tangible or increasing geographical form, is an indication of disinclination of interaction between feudal groups with other groups. This situation occurs while they live in the same quarters and alleys and residential segregation is more limited and social life scene is not under the contrast of spatial segregation. Good governance discourse is the inherent element in cooperation between civil society and political society and also between state and citizens. By the way, it is rooted in New Public Management (NPM), which is response to welfare state. The essence of governance is the relation between and among state and non- state forces and formation and stewardship of formal and informal rules that they regulate public sphere and it is the scene that the state has interact with social and economic actors for making decisions. It also involves values, institutes and processes that guide people and organizations in the direction of public purposes, decision making and legitimation. Good city governance is based on plural city policy. If we see the plural city policy through the communitarian action theory of Habermas, we can better explain it. Life- world has been discussed at the interpersonal or intrapersonal levels, using speech- action in the communitarian action process. Life – world has been used as background of knowledge. City actors have to criticize their traditional life – world by using their rational power.
This article is descriptive – analytical. The methodology of article is inductive reasoning and experimental benchmark. The article assess the relation between independent variable (good governance) and dependent variable (spatial segregation) using survey method. By using the Likert pattern (absolutely agree 5, absolutely dissident 1), in one questionnaire, the article presents the evaluating questions. Pearson correlation test was used to assess the hypothesis.
Given that each of the two variables of good governance and plural city policy( independent) and reducing of spatial segregation(dependent) have been assessed in distance level, Pearson correlation and linear regression were used to evaluate their relation. Alpha's average is .739. The results of the Pearson and regression tests show that there are relations between the variables.
The spatial base of late cultural changes are significant in weakening centrality and centralism. Formation of widespread fields of diversification and plurality in the city's physical geography, have been confronted in the traditional city integrated management concept in face of serious challenge. Therefore access to integrity and city solidarity is necessary for transition of traditional patterns to the way of good governance with interaction of communities, state, market and private sector that is inspiring for unity in diversity. Physical spatial segregation in Tabriz metropolitan involves 6 percent of city and more than 20 percent of city population. Good governance with indexes such as participation, responsibility, rule of law, empowerment, justice and equity show the interaction and solidarity of constructer elements of city in the base of social and cultural identity and bring about progress of city plural policy alongside of physical dimension.

Quality of life is not a novel concept and denotes various meanings in varied domains. Generally, quality of life can be measured using objective and subjective indicators in various aspects. These aspects can subsume such fields as nutritional, educational, hygiene, security and leisure time. On the other hand, nowadays in development planning literature, the issue of quality of life is constantly being considered, by development planners and managers, as a basic principle.
Theoretical Framework: Quality of life is not a novel concept. Geographers have always been trying to optimize the mutual relationship between man and nature in order to improve his life. The concept of quality of life denotes various meanings in varied domains. Urban quality of life can be calculated in terms of a person, a family, or a society. According to World Health Organization (WHO), quality of life is people’s perception of their status in life in terms of culture, value systems in which they live, goals, expectations, norms, and priorities. In 2005, The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) mentioned 9 factors in their studies of quality of life: 1. material wellbeing, 2. health, 3. political stability and security, 4. family life, 5.community life, 6. climate and geography, 7. job security, 8. political freedom, and 9. gender equality.
Two types of indicators for evaluating urban quality of life have been more agreed upon by experts. First are objective indicators, referring to tangible aspects of urban life such as: number of hospitals in a city, unemployment rate, crime rate, and green spaces. Second group of indicators are subjective ones which can be measured qualitatively and include such factors as: citizen’s degree of satisfaction with health services, employment opportunities, security, and accessibility of green spaces. In the first approach, secondary data are used for developing the indicators and, to a large degree, it hinges upon the statistics gathered from the city in question in various years. In the second approach, using subjective indicators instead of secondary data, citizen’s opinions are directly analyzed and their degree of satisfaction is evaluated from various aspects.
The present study is a developmental-practical one and was conducted using a combination of descriptive, documentary, and analytical methods. The collected data on 14 indicators for the cities of Mazandaran province has been selected for this study. The indicators included: population density, ratio of divorce to the total number of marriages, unemployment rate, literacy rate, electricity, water, gas and telephone users’ ratio to the total population, the ratio of urban population to the entire population, number of murder and involuntary manslaughter lawsuits, number of residential houses built using steel structure, number of residential houses built using concrete, province’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and life expectancy. For weighing the indicators, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and for evaluating the quality of urban life multi-attribute decision making through Simple Additive Weighing (SAW) were used. The important point in decision-making indices of these models is that positive and negative indicators are used simultaneously in the matrix. In order to make various measuring indicators comparable, normalization was used to make indices dimensionless and additive.
Findings and The findings reveal that Sari County is in the first place, Amol in the second place, Babol in the third place, and counties of Juybar, Savadkuh, and Galugah, with a huge gap, occupy the bottom of the list regarding the urban quality of life in Mazandaran province. The huge gap in quality of life among the urban districts of this province is a testament to the great inequality in accessibility and concentration of facilities and urban services in some counties along with the lack of urban facilities and inattention of authorities in some smaller counties of Mazandaran province.
Conclusion and Suggestions: Urban quality of life is a new concept and an interdisciplinary, multidimensional science which, by the prevalence of urbanism in the 20th century and its aftermath in various fields, gradually took shape under the influence of various theories, movements, and schools of thought. Finding indicators, combining indices of assessment, and evaluating changes in urban quality of life are the most important issues concerning quality of life. While subjective indicators are figures and statistics regarding real conditions of citizens’ lives; objective indicators, on the other hand, deal with citizens’ mental, psychological perceptions, and their degree of satisfaction with urban life. The findings reveal that, regarding the disproportionate rates of urban quality of life in counties of Mazandaran province and for the purpose of moving towards integrated urban management, considering the inextricable role of sustainable development in resolution of problems facing human society and bringing welfare and comfort, correct and comprehensive planning, for decentralizing urban facilities and services together with orienting development plans towards economic evolution and creation of new job opportunities should be considered.

Human development is defined as a process for increasing people's options and level of life welfare. United Nations as the most authoritative organization believes that the target of development or various economic, social, and political indices is human. Therefore, if an economy grows but people do not take advantage of the economic development, there is no doubt that this development is devoid of any value. The concept of human development is much broader than conventional notions of economic development, because patterns of economic growth are generally measured by gross domestic product expansion, rather than improvement of the quality and level of human life.
Professor Frederick Harrison has written on the importance of human resources, which forms the basis of the wealth of nations. Capital and natural resources are secondary factors of production while men are active agents who condense capital, exploit natural resources, establish social, economic, and political organizations, and lead national development.
Sustainable human development makes us ethically responsible for the next generation. There are environmental, social, economic, legal, cultural, political and psychological aspects included in sustainable human development. Accepted forms of sustainable development are more acceptable to humans.
The basis of any movement toward development is a human factor. Men are both the beginning and the target of development. Due to such importance, today people-centered development is at the heart of discussions on human development. Given the importance of human development (social, economic, cultural), which is considered as the foundation and basis of the development in any society both from rural and urban perspectives, and due to the fact that a significant proportion (about 72 percent) of Iranian society includes urban citizens; it is necessary to analyze human development indices for this group. The present study thus aims to assess each Iranian urban area in terms of human development indices.
Theoretical Framework: Human development is a concept that attempts to locate human being at the heart of development. In other words, the process of human development finally centralizes the spread of human options.
In the first Global Human Development Report in 1990, the process of expanding human choices is proposed as the definition of development. In human development approach, welfare is not just the result of consuming products and services, yet the expansion of necessary facilities such as health and education in order to use capabilities and talents as well as improving the capabilities are considered as the basic components of development. Although human development insists on physical capacity growth along with mental growth, it considers economic growth as a tool in the service of human life.
The goal of human development is the creation of an empowering environment for people to have a longer, healthier, and more creative life. Generally speaking, human development could be known as the process of expanding people's options.
According to the annual report of UN in 2010, the dimensions of human development include life expectancy at birth, the average duration spent on adult education (adults over 25 years), and the expected duration of education for school-age children and GNI per capita.
This is a descriptive-analytical and applied research. It uses a descriptive approach based on the statistics and data derived from authentic documents and index analyses in the Iranian urban areas in 2011.
Discussion and The results from estimating a combination of three indices, including education, health, and life standards show that the mean index of human development in urban areas is 0.701.
The desirable indices of human development are for the following urban areas, respectively: Tehran (0.756), Isfahan (0.752), and Qazvin (0.750).
The least appropriate indices were respectively observed in Sistan and Baluchestan (0.628), Kurdistan (0.632) and West Azerbaijan (0.750).
Conclusion and Suggestions: The results of this research show that the first rank belonged to education index (0.806); the second rank was for life expectancy (0.748), and the third was for GPD per capita (0.617). Therefore, educational and life expectancy are in a better condition compared to per capita GDP. To raise the GDP per capita index, employment and income planning should be a priority.
Classification of urban areas based on the human development index shows that very poor ranks belonged to West Azerbaijan, Kurdistan, Sistan-Baluchistan according to the Iranian border provinces. Furthermore, provinces with best indices were located at the center of Iran. Generally speaking, as we moved from the center to the borders, human development indices dropped, which is the result of giving too much attention to central provinces on the part of authorities.
A strong disparity is observed among Iranian urban areas. This disparity is more frequent in standard of living index compared to the other two indices.
Given that the aim of all development programs is to fulfill the ideals of Vision 1404, it is proposed that more attention be given to the deprived provinces for the two 5-year plans of economic development in Iran (i.e. 2015-2025).

High traffic volume is one of the most common problems of urban transportation in metropolises. The increase in the number of vehicles in case of not having necessary predictions also enhances the demand for fueling in places where mostly are unable to respond to such needs. Site selection of public facilities is an instance of policies of local governments with understanding profits due to savings in the use of resources, increasing efficiency and synergy of services, and enhancing the sense of collectivism. Such profits are highly vital particularly for those governments which are experiencing rapid population growth. Appropriate development and balanced uniform distribution of fueling stations will result in valuable achievements. The reduction in the duration and the length of fueling travels, fueling near the residential place and increasing citizens’ welfare, appropriately accessing fueling stations, the absence of gridlocks and lines in stations, increasing safety and reducing economic costs of supplying lands are among these achievements. Diverse factors such as population, economic and geographical aspects, and governmental policies, etc. should be considered in selecting optimal places for fueling stations. One of these systems is GIS. Accordingly, regarding the significance of the issue of site selection in cities such as site selection of fueling stations, the aim of the present study is optimal site selection for gas stations in Tehran's 6th Municipality District.
Theoretical Framework: The multi-criteria decision making method refers to concepts, approaches, models, and methods contributing to evaluation base on weights, values, or the degree of superiority from the decision maker’s viewpoint, and finally results in better decision making. Since the 1960’s, the integration of the multi-criteria decision making method with GIS was considered by urban planners for solving problems of spatial planning and consequently, the multi-criteria approach and GIS became bases for solving problems of planning which were involved in multiple conflicting aims such as issues of allocating land uses. This approach is so simple and flexible that a lot of criteria and indicators can be applied in it. However, decision makers may face problems in allocating weights to each of these criteria based on paired comparison. The integration of the multi-criteria decision making in the form of GIS for optimally zoning urban services can have many more applications. AHP is among multi-criteria decision making methods mixing qualitative and quantitative analyses, and was presented by T. L, Satti, a US expert at operational research in the 1970’s.
The present study is applied-developmental. The research method was descriptive-analytical. In the descriptive part of the study, library research and documentary analysis were employed. In the analytical part of the study, by investigating factors affecting site selection of gas stations, and using the land map of Tehran's 6th District, numerical layers were created and analyzed by GIS. Then, applying the integrated method of GIS and MCDM and using AHP, as well as creating considered changes in information layers, the desired results of optimal site selection of gas stations and evaluation of current stations were achieved. The multi-criteria decision-making method is one of the concepts, approaches, models, and methods contributing to decision makers’ evaluations based on weights, values, and the degree of superiority. Finally, it results in better decision making. The main objective of multi-criteria decision making methods is to investigate a number of alternatives regarding the diverse criteria and conflicting aims.
The results of calculated weights indicated that the access to the communication network with the highest weight as 0.482 and also the population density with the weight as 0.268 have very high significance and roles in site selection of fueling stations, while other indicators investigated in the present study have less significance. The results of the study also indicated that from among compatible land uses, fire stations with the weight as 0.421, public parking lots with the weight as 0.343, and urban terminals with the weight as 0.236 have the highest significance, respectively. Moreover, from among incompatible land uses, residential land uses with the weight as 0.331 and green spaces with the weight as 0.262 have the highest significance. The results indicated that five stations were in optimal locations, three stations were in relatively appropriate locations, and only one station was located at an inappropriate place. Therefore, except for the northeast strip and the west of the District which have inappropriate conditions for constructing new stations, other parts especially the center and south of the District have provided appropriate conditions for constructing new stations.
The process of selecting optimal sites starts with identifying effective factors, and then these factors are placed in a hierarchy using the decreasing AHP model from the general aim to different criteria and sub-criteria at sequential levels. There are a lot of criteria for site selection of gas stations regarding global standards, but applying all of them in zoning is impossible due to different reasons. In the present study, four criteria were used for selecting optimal sites for gas stations of Tehran 6th District. These criteria are the degree of population density, access to the traffic network, natural hazards, and compatible and incompatible land uses.
The results indicated that regarding the maps of land use, the selected criteria and investigations in Tehran's 6th District, stations 2, 108, 115, 145, and 153 are located at optimal places and stations 15, 22, and 110 at relatively optimal places. In addition, station 24 is located at an inappropriate location. Therefore, it is better that in case of setting up new locations, potential places with high capacity be identified in order that new stations play more roles in eliminating urban problems. In contemporary urban structures, easiness and access to aims are prioritized and planning should be conducted regarding the power and identification of capabilities of zoned regions and districts.