فصلنامه مطالعات محیطی هفت حصار
پیاپی 14 (زمستان 1394)

In this study, the effect of the physical structure and spatial pattern of urban transport and traffic has been due to increased urbanization and urban development and adopting necessary measures to physically and population in urban planning and urban design proved considering the variables of the study sample was selected in Hamadan and contexts. In the end, population and sampling was determined by Morgan table 382 and closed questions and open questions in the interview were distributed and the results of the study reliability spss software Grdyd.jht questionnaire validity test data normality test of Kolmogorov Asmynrvf was used and finally to test the hypothesis of Spearman test. Results showed a lack of coordination in the distribution of travel absorbent applications such as account service, business, There residential per capita in the context of the administrative center and the main road network are the biggest factors affecting the traffic in the center.

Ordinary social life of humans is full of situations where face-to-face and relatively permanent interactions with other people take place. Social interactions are central to successful urban spaces. Due to their important role in peoples everyday life, urban neighborhoods are important in creating social relationships. Non-physical social domains and physical elements which can extend the boundaries of social domains are likely to enhance the organization of social interactions. Development and planning based on urban neighborhoods is increasingly receiving the attention of urban planners. This depends on understanding the citizens requirements of their environment.
The present paper first measures the amount of social interactions among the inhabitants of Borj-e Ghorban neighborhood and then examines the indicators which may increase these interactions. The social fabric as well as the relationships among the inhabitants were studied in the field. The hypotheses were tested by using Student t-test, correlation, and regression. The findings suggest that social interactions in Borj-e Ghorban neighborhood are at a medium level. Finally, some solutions are proposed for increasing these interactions.

At the present time the main cause of the crisis of human societies rooted in social inequality and lack of justice. What is certain is that people inherently seek to meet their needs is the driving force behind evolution. It is clear that the human is in the pursuit of perfection that social life is causing this evolution.
One effects of possible social life is conflict of interest and abuse the rights of others with profit motivate. This is where the order of nature and wisdom the need for justice for the survival and prosperity of human society becomes necessary. In this regard, social justice can be considered in the design and implementation of the legal system, so that everyone has the right to its intellectual and against the rights, performs duties or responsibilities or accept consequences violation of them. Today it would requires intelligent management of cities based on informed participation of citizens. In this regard, this study intends to use the library studies as a way to collect information and descriptive - analytical research methodology as well as using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model to analyze the data for investigating principles and comparing criteria of supportive and cooperative theories as the most important theory of urban planning based on citizen-centric, and compare them with articulated criteria for social justice in order to determine the implementation of each of the theories. The results indicate that, on the one hand, supportive theory principles and standards in line with the standards of social justice compared with cooperative theory is low but on the other hand, level of cooperative criteria implementation in the field of achieving social justice compared with supportive theory is high.

Child-friendly city is a city where the priority is the child's demands, socioeconomic status, culture and architecture in line with their needs and rights of children which in policies, laws, programs and budgets reflected. Approach CFC (Child-Friendly City) lead the city into a position where their children play an important role in the city and their view, expressed in the decisions of the city, and family and community are required to involve their children in issues and decisions. This study, using the combined half-open and closed, qualitative approach, tried to extract its priorities and preferences of urban street children. The results show that children: The use of complex geometries and irregular; Use appropriate furnishings for children in terms of size - color - scheme; Creation of appropriate conditions for children of vegetation; Suitable for all seasons and colorful flooring; Speed control mounted in the entrance areas and passageways; Create play spaces and centralized accumulation and non-linear and supervision for children; Maintain the human scale and avoid high-rise building is known as the most favorable environmental characteristics.

In traditional (classic) Iranian (Persian) music, melodies were classified as dastgah and radif, but there is no such classification in Iranian architecture. Previous studies have considered commonalities between architecture and music but according to importance of space in Islamic architecture, this aspect has been taken less attention. The aim of this research is to recognize the spatial patterns in traditional Iranian architecture. Therefore, spatial structures in music and traditional architecture compared in common features. This article is a comparative study. It compares the spatial structures between Iranian traditional music and architecture properties. First, the structural characteristics of traditional Iranian architecture and music separately, have studied. Then, the common features of music and architecture such as diversity, centralization, hierarchy and spatial continuity is achieved. Finally, based on the spatial relationship and common structure of architectural and musical space, spaces of traditional Iranian architecture and their communication patterns are classified based on traditional music radif. The traditional architectural spaces are classified to: special concentrated areas, rhythmic concentrated, pass and pathway (decentralized) assembly (community), before the entrance, entrance, repetitive and the connection spaces. Also results show that between the conversion of spaces in traditional architecture and modulation of goshehs (melodies) in Iranian traditional music (musical atmosphere), there is a structural similarity. Research also has shown that there are structural similarities between patterns of spatial conversion in Iranian traditional architecture and modulation of goshehs (conversion melodies and musical atmosphere) in Iranian traditional music.

The favorable city is a city that its urban, social, cultural and communicational networks for all citizens, of any type and range are defined and no one with any special feature not fall outside of the city. People with disabilities are not excluded from this rule and the urban environment should be designed and appropriate, so they can easily use it. The absence of disabled people in the society causes a percent of the population to be away from the area of natural activities and the impossibility of their participation in the natural process of life in a city. And therefore they are considered consumer and the rate of burden on society increases. This is a manifestation of an unhealthy society and will lead to an imbalance in society. Identification and creation of the right conditions and using the benefits and possibilities of civic life for those who live in the city is amongst the responsibilities of experts in the field of urban designing. The main objective of this research is addressing the fundamental principles of sensation and perceptions of a blind person and how he/she has relations with the surrounding environment and thus providing qualitative strategies for designing the environment to enhance the presence of blinds in urban areas as well as the development of environmental standards and regulations in order to create an environmental adaptation till they can exploit it. In this study, at first, the issue of human perception from the environment has been examined and generally we have discussed about the perception of environment, human relationship with the environment and human perceptual systems. After that because of vulnerability of cognitive systems, the issue of blindness as damage in cognitive system, definitions and history of the visually impairers and the blind people have been examined. Then how blind people’s percept the environment and the formation of space for the blinds have been studied and in follow these subjects have been introduced: auditory perception, placing by echoes and the subject of movement and orientation. Finally, with regard to the awareness and understanding about the blind person we have got, his /her needs and relationship with the environment have been considered to facilitate his relation with the environment which can be used by professionals in the principles of urban design. Type of this paper is descriptive study and the final product of this paper is qualitative and quantitative research solutions designed to provide urban public environment relying on all the senses as well as the principles and criteria for the blinds in the urban space.

Rural communities evolve during history and particularly Modernism evolve many processes in spatial economic, social and functional experience. One of important changes in physical anatomy and countryside is that proportionate with the conditions and requirements of the time and place and also in line with method living and cultural structure of rural development it has evolved in many ways. In Iran, we has experienced changes in 1341 and then with the Islamic Revolution in 1357, the way of life in rural areas have seen vast changes in the atmosphere and the type of skeletal architecture. The study use descriptive-analytical approach and tries to review the documents and studies which investigating track time to identify and analyze different factors of changing process and time indigenous architecture to form special dwellings in Chamgol village in the central part of town Noorabad-e-Mamasani. Research analyzed formation of historical process of vernacular architecture and modern village sought to recognition of factors effective on development of village dwellings architecture. For collecting information, different Methods of library research and especially large operations track with interview, observation, photos and survey was used. In this regard, transformation in the method and the type of livelihood activities and also the rise in rural income and purchasing power of households has been focused as important factors. The study made comparison quality of homes and the design and structure with urban areas. Of course the increase in communication between rural parts and cities have also their affecting role in evolution of spaces and house in rural areas.