نشریه فیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی
پیاپی 29 (بهار 1395)

In order to investigate the effect of concentration, time and consumption instruction of seaweed on some morphological characteristics of root and shoots of safflower, the present experiment in factorial form in a completely randomized design with three replications in research greenhouse of Agriculture faculty, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad was conducted in 2014-15. Factors examined included consumption concentrations of seaweed extract in four levels (non-consumption and consumption 1, 1.5 and 2 liters per hectare), consumption stages of seaweed extract in two levels (consumption at vegetative stage and consumption at reproductive stage) and applying instruction of seaweed extract at two levels (application as foliar application and as soil applied). The results showed that consumption concentrations of seaweed extract had a significant difference (p

In order to investigate the effect of drought tension during the flowering stage on proline content, total soluble carbohydrate, fructose, glucose and sucrose in bean leaves, an experiment was conducted as split plots based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Main factor included four cultivars of bean (Taylor, COS16, Khomein and Akhtar), sub factor consisted of drought tension in three levels (30, 60 and 100 percent field capacity) and sub-sub factors was tension duration in two levels (three and nine days). The results showed drought tension decreased the relative water content and sucrose significantly and increased the amount of and electrolyte leakage, total soluble carbohydrates, fructose, glucose and proline. There was a significant negative correlation between relative water content and electrolyte leakage, soluble carbohydrates in water, fructose and glucose content. In conditions of water tension, accumulation of soluble carbohydrates and proline in Taylor and COS16 tolerant cultivars was more than sensitive Akhtar was Khomeini. Increasing time duration of tension from three and nine days caused a significant increase in proline, glucose, fructose and total soluble sugars amounts. The interaction effect of tension × cultivar and tension × time on all evaluated traits was significant, while the cultivar × time duration interaction had a significant effect on electrolyte leakage, proline and total soluble carbohydrates. The results of this investigation showed that proline and carbohydrates are involved in tension tolerance mechanisms and their metabolism is influenced by soil water tension.

In order to investigate the effect of exogenous application of different growth regulators (IAA, GA3and 6-BAP) and distilled water (control) at different stages of spike growth and development (double ridge, booting, grain filling and booting grain filling) of two wheat cultivars spike (Rijaw and Azar-2), a biennial experiment as factorial based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications under dry-land conditions was conducted at the research field of Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Razi University. The results of the experiment showed that each of yield component under the effect of certain hormone and timing of hormone consumption treatments changed. As the influence of 6-BAP and IAA at booting early of grain filling and booting stages , respectively, had the highest number of seeds and 6-BAP hormone in the initial stage of the grain filling had the greatest impact during grain filling on one-thousand grain weight with the averages of 41.8 and 37.4 gram in both years of the experiment. The highest final grain yield was obtained by application of 6-BAP and GA3and at booting early stage of grain filling. There was a high and positive correlation between the grain number and grain yield. The obtained results of bi plot analysis showed that the grain number trait could have different response to the type of used hormone in different years but this reaction was constant for the growth stage and cultivar and also, the changes in one-thousand grain weight and number of grain per spike for the best selected treatment combination have less reactivity than the other traits.

In order to investigate the effect of irrigation cut tension and applying of compost fertilizer on yield and yield components of Cowpea, the present split-plot factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design was conducted in research station of agricultural faculty, Islamic Azad University-Damghan Branch, during 2012-13 cropping year. The irrigation cut tension treatment (no tension, irrigation cut at the flowering and podding stages) as the main factor and two cultivars (Bastami and Damghani) and compost fertilizer (no fertilizer consumption and 10 tons fertilizer consumption) as the subplot factor were considered. The result showed that there was no significant difference between different cultivars of Cowpea in respect of all studied traits. The results also showed that Cowpea is sensitive to irrigation cut tension. All studied traits with the irrigation cut during the flowering and podding stages showed a significant decrease compared to the control treatment. Average grain yield (45 percentage), number of pods per secondary branch (33 percentage) and main branch (26 percentage), number of secondary branches (25 percentage) and the number of seeds per pod in the main branch (25 percentage) had the highest decrease compared to irrigation cut tension .The results also showed that Cowpea have shown a positive reaction to use of compost fertilizer. Also, the results revealed that Cowpea showed a positive reaction to the using of compost fertilizer. The results also indicated that the adverse effect of water shortage on yield and yield components of Cowpea can be reduced by using compost fertilizer. Results of correlation coefficients showed that seed yield of Cowpea had the highest significant and positive correlation with traits the number of seed per pod in the pod main branch (0.91**) and the number of pods per main branch (0.90**).On the other hand, the results of the analysis of correlation coefficients (path analysis) showed that the number of secondary branches traits, the number of seeds per pod in the main branch and plant height were the most effective traits in improving seed yield.

Seed priming is a method in which the water absorption in a controlled manner is allowed to seed before plantinguntil the first germination activities begin, but without allowing radicle emergence.In order to investigate the possibility for increasing wheat tolerance to water tension by seed priming technique, the present experiments was performed as factorial and as a randomized complete blocks design with three replications in Greenhouse Agriculture Faculty of Shiraz University. The experimental treatments included two cultivars of wheat (Azar2 and Shiraz), four levels of priming (non-priming, osmo-priming and phosphopriming and hydropriming) and four levels of water tension (intervals of irrigation 2 (non-tension), 4, 6 and 8 days). For both the two wheat cultivars, the highest tension level (8 days irrigation intervals) caused increasing in catalase amount activity at the probable level of 5 percentage. Increasing in water tension leads to increasing in the amount of catalase at the probable level of 5 percentage. By increasing the water tension, the amount of ascorbic peroxidase and peroxidase enzymes increased significantly. Types of different priming treatments did not result in significant difference at the probable level of 5 percentage in catalase enzyme activity. In this research, Azar2 cultivar compared to Shiraz cultivar was known as the more resistant to water tension. Peroxidase and ascorbic peroxidase enzymes activity is influenced by osmopriming treatment increased by 01/10 and 21.4 percentage respectively, compared to the no-priming. The maximum proline content (13l/68 micromole per gram fresh weight(was related to osmopriming treatment in Azar2 cultivar under the highest tension levels (8 days irrigation intervals). According to the results of this research, it appears that osmopriming treatment by effect on antioxidant defense system of plant, would be involved in the process of increasing drought resistance in wheat seedlings.

Water deficit tension is considered as an important factor in reducing crop yield also, sulfur oxidizing bacteria causes increasing the tolerance of plants to environmental tensions, particularly in maize. In order to investigate the effect of bio-fertilizer Thiobacillus and sulfur on the yield and some biochemical characteristics in grain corn (Zea mays L. Var Maxima) under cut irrigation, a research was conducted with complete randomized blocks design with spilt- plot arrangement in three replications, at research station number two, Islamic Azad University of Varamin in 2014 cropping year. In this experiment, the treatments consisted of water deficit with three levels as the main plot: (control (normal irrigation), cut irrigation in flowering stage and cut irrigation in grain filling stage) and bio-fertilizer Thiobacillus and sulfur in four levels as subplot consisted of control (non-consuming), Thiobacillus bio fertilizer consumption as mixing with seeds when planting, sulfur consumption and combined consumption of Thiobacillus and sulfur. Based on the soil testingthe recommended amount wassulfur fertilizer consumption 250 kilogram per hectare and bio fertilizer Thiobacillus consumption 5 kilogram per hectare. The results of analysis of variance table showed that all of the investigating traits except for the biomarker dehydroxylguanosine were under the effect of water deficit and Thiobacillus. Cut irrigation reduced grain yield, although sulfur and Thiobacillus consumption reduced the negative effect of cut irrigation, the minimum grain yield (4.892 ton per hectare) was achieved at the cut irrigation treatment interaction at flowering stage and non-consumption of Thiobacillus and sulfur so that compared to normal irrigation treatment and combined consuming of Thiobacillus bio fertilizer and sulfur reduced 58.2 percentage. Application of Thiobacillus and sulfur under irrigation cut conditions during critical stages of growth reduced the negative effects of water deficit on grain yield (50 percentage).

In order toinvestigate the effect of seed primingat different levels of nitrogen application on yield and yield components of progress cultivar of sunflower, the present experiment was conducted in Shahrood Agriculture Research Station Center in 2010. The experiment was in the form of split plots based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Nitrogen fertilizer at main plotsin three levels of (60, 90 and 120 kilogram per hectare) and of seed priming treatment at sub plots in four levels (Control non primming, smopriming with potassium nitrate, hydro priming with net watwer and polyethylene glycol) was applied. Results showed that yield, yield components and the rest of studies traites were affected by nitrogen fertilizer and priming treatments and their interaction, as the traites of one-thousand seed weight, seed kernel percentage and yield significantly incresed by nitrogrn fertilizer incresing and treatment 120 kilogram nitrogen per hectare treatment was superior at the traits of one-thousand seed weight, seed kernel percentage and oil yield compered to 60 kilogram nitrogen per hectare treatment but, with 90 kilogram nitrogen per hectare treatmenthad no significant difference except for the trait seed kernel percentage. Priming, trait of one-thousand seed weight, seed kernel percentage and oil yield was significant. Osmopriming with potassium nitrate by average one-thousand seed weight 60.11 gram, seed kernel percentage 74.5 and oil yield 1614 kilogram had superiority compared to the other treatments of seed and osmopriming with produced maximum 1000 seed weight and polyethylene glycol was recognized as the best treatment after potassium nitrate.The interaction of nitrogen fertilizer and seed primingfor the traits of head diameter, seed number in head, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index and oil yield was significant and results showed that the highest grain yield was obtained of polethylene glycol treatment at the fertilizer level of 120 kilogram nitrogen per hectare.

In order to investigate the effect of plant density and Cycocel on quantitative characteristics and protein barley cultivar south the present experiment was conducted in a farm located in Hamidieh city in 2014-15. Experiment was conducted as a split plot in the form of statistical randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Plant density at three levels (300, 400 and500 plants per square meter) in the main plots and three concentrations of cycocel (zero, 1500 and 3000 ppm) in sub plots were compared. The results showed that the density treatment had a significant effect on yieldand grain yield components, biological yield, grain protein percent and the grain protein yield. The highest grain yield with an average of 500.73 grams per square meter of treatment 300 plants per square meter and the lowest with an average of 385.3 grams per square meter of treatment 500 plants per square meter was obtained, respectively. Also, the results showed that the use of cycocel significantly increased the number of spikesper square meter, grain yield, one-thousand grain weight and protein yield of grain compared to control. The highest grain yieldwith an average of 496l/3 gram per square meter of treatment 3000 ppm cycocel and the lowest with an average of 356/05 gram per square meter of the control treatment were obtained. In general it can be concluded, density of 300 plants per square meter as well as the use of3000 ppm cycocel had the greatest potential to achieve the maximum grain yield.