نشریه فیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی
پیاپی 22 (تابستان 1393)

In order to investigate the effect of levels of drought tension and nitrogen on yield and qualitative and physiological traits of potato, this experiment as split plots was carried out based on randomized complete blocks design, with three levels of drought tension S1 (control, providing 100 percentage water requirement), S2 (providing 75 percentage) and S3 (providing 50 percentage of water requirement of potato after emergence to the end of the growing period) as the main factors and four nitrogen fertilizer treatments N1 (providing 100 percentage fertilizer requirement), N2 (66 percentage), N3 (33 percentage) and N4 (without applying nitrogen fertilizer) as the sub factors in Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center of Chahar Mahal va Bakhtiari province. In this experiment maximum tuber yield gained from without tension treatment (S1) by the amount of 55/9 tons per hectare that had no significant difference at five percent level with S2 treatment but S3 with significant difference than two mentioned treatments, produced the average yield 31/7 ton per hectare. N1 and N2 treatments produced the highest tuber yield without statistically difference at five percentage level, but lack of nitrogen consumption (N4) led to the lowest tuber yield (38/7 ton per hectare). Generally, in S2 and S3 tension levels, N2 treatment caused access to the maximum tuber yield. Due to the reduction of tuber yield in S2 and S3 treatments within the highest nitrogen consumption level (N1), the interaction between drought tension and nitrogen on tuber yield was significant at one percentage level.

In order to identify the tolerant Canola genotypes in salinity tension conditions, this research was conducted as factorial under completely randomized design with three replications at Seed Technology Laboratory of Islamic Azad University Shoushtar Branch. The first factor included 12 Canola genotypes and the second factor included salinity tension with Sodium chloride at six levels (zero, 60, 120, 180, 240 and 300 millimollar). Results showed that traits germination percentage, germination rate, length of radical, length of plumule, length of seedling, seed vigor index, wet weight of seedling and dry weight by reduction in osmotic potential (300 mM) were decreased. . But the trait mean germination time increased with decreasing in the osmotic potential (300 mM). Cluster analysis divided genotypes to three groups. The results showed that genotype H6729 showed the maximum germination percentage, germination rate, length of plumule, seed vigor index and dry weight of seedling. With attention to genotypes ranking based on studied traits, genotype H6729 owned the best score as the tolerant genotype to salinity and genotype T98007 was placed at the lowest rank with respect to salinity tolerance.

In order to investigate the effect of Nano Zinc oxide foliar application and application of free living nitrogen fixing bacteria on grain yield and some morphophysiological traits of Triticale, this experiment as factor was conducted based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications in research greenhouse of MohagheghArdabili University. The investigated factors were included Nano Zinc oxide foliar application at five levels (without foliar application as control, 0/25, 0/5, 0/75 and 1 gram per liter) and seed inoculation with free living nitrogen fixing at four levels (without seed inoculation with bacteria as control, seed inoculation with Azotobacterchrocoococum strain 5, Azosprilliumlipoferum strain OF and Psedomunasputida strain 9). The results showed that dry matter remobilization and the amount of stem reserves contribution at yield and grain yield and grain yield components was meaningfully affected by foliar application with Nano Zinc Oxide and applying nitrogen fixing free living bacteria. The highest dry matter remobilization and contribution of stem reserves in grain yield was obtained at no seed inoculation with growth promoting rhizobacteria × no Nano Zinc oxide foliar application. Means comparison showed that the highest grain yield, grain yield components and leaf appearance rate was obtained in treatment combination of seed inoculation with Azotobacter and Azosprillium × foliar application of one gram per liter Nano Zinc oxide and the least of them in no seed inoculation with growth promoting rhizobacteria× nofoliar application by Nano Zinc oxide. It seems in order to increase the grain yield and leaf appearance rate it can be suggested that Triticale seed inoculation with Azotobacter and Azosprillium bacteria in foliar application of one gram per liter Nano Zinc oxide should be used.

In order to evaluate the interaction of both treatments of deficit irrigation during growth duration and irrigation-cut in some growth stages, on reserve materials redistribution, current photosynthesis and its relation with yield of grain maize this research was conducted as factorial in randomized complete blocks design with three replications at research field of Islamic Azad University, Sciences and Research Branch of Khuzestan during 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 two cropping years. The research treatments were consisted of deficit irrigation at three levels (providing 100, 80, 60 percent of full irrigation requirement was measured for corn) and irrigation-cut at different growth stages at five levels (without irrigation-cut during growth duration (control), one time irrigation-cut at eight-leaf, twelve-leaf ,the pollination and milky stage). Irrigation treatments applied at four to five leaf stages and continued until ten days before plant physiological maturity. The results of this research showed that the effect of deficit irrigation and irrigation-cut treatments on the amount, contribution and efficiency of current photosynthesis and redistribution was significant. With increasing intensifying deficit irrigation, current photosynthesis contribution decreased instead redistribution contribution in grain filling increased. In treatment of providing 100 percent plant irrigation requirement, the highest and lowest contribution of current photosynthesis belonged to treatments without irrigation-cut tension and lack of irrigation at flowering stage by the average of 81 and 41 percent, respectively.

One of the major problems at the time of planting Canola is flooding especially in the northern regions of the country which reduces seedling emergence and damage to the plant in field. On the other hand, the low temperatures at Canola planting time causes synergistic devastating effects of flooding. Thus, in order to investigate the effect of temperature effect and flooding on growth and physiological activities of Canola seedling this experiment was conducted in a completely randomized statistically design at the form of factorial with four replications in greenhouse conditions. The experiment factors included flooding duration at five levels zero, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours and temperature at four levels 10, 15, 20 and 25 degrees centigrade in which three-leaf seedlings of Canola Hayola cultivar were affected by this treatment. After reaching the seedlings to three-leaf stage the traits such as leaf area, shoot biomass, leaf pigments, alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme and fructose 1and 6 biss phosphate aldolase was measured. The results showed that process of increasing leaf and stem biomass slows down through flooding tension than control. The highest rate of alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme activity at 25 degrees and 96 hours of flooding treatment and its lowest amount of its activity was observed at 10 degrees and zero hour of flooding. The highest amount of fructose 1 enzyme and 6biss phosphate aldolase at 72 hours flooding and 25 degrees and the lowest activity amount of fructose 1 enzyme and 6biss phosphate at zero hour and 10 degrees was observed. The results indicate an increasing trend of the activity of these two enzymes through flooding time and temperature increasing, the results show with respect to increasing the activity of these enzymes the damages of flooding tension on Canola seedling was decreased.

In order to investigate the effect of supplemental irrigation and different levels of nitrogen fertilizer on growth indices of two durum wheat cultivars, this experiment was carried out as a randomized complete blocks design as sub-sub plots with three replications at the research farm of Agriculture College of Kermanshah Razi University in 2008-2009 cropping year. Treatments of this experiment included supplemental irrigation as the main factor at four levels and supplemental irrigation during booting, pollination and grain filling), net nitrogen fertilizer as a sub factor at four levels (without fertilizer, 50, 100 and 150 kilogram per hectare) and two durum wheat cultivars (Sardari and Cross Alborz) in sub-plot were placed. The measured traits including total dry matter, leaf area index, relative growth rate, net assimilation rate, crop growth rate, leaf dry matter, grain yield, grain length, grain diameter and peduncle length. The highest and lowest leaf area index was allocated to supplemental irrigation at pollination stages and durum conditions, respectively. With supplemental irrigation at booting stage, the maximum net assimilation rate was obtained, but supplemental irrigation caused the highest relative assimilation rate than control conditions (durum). Treatment of 150 kilogram per hectare produced the higher leaf area index and treatments 50 and 100 kilogram per hectare produced more net assimilation rate and relative growth rate. The highest grain yield was obtained in supplemental irrigation at pollination and booting time with 3622 and 3520 kilogram per hectare, respectively. Applying 50 kilogram per hectare of nitrogen caused the highest grain yield (3350 kilogram per hectare). Cross Alborz wheat cultivar (3378 kilogram per hectare) had more grain yield in comparison with Sardary cultivar (2982 kilogram per hectare). The maximum length and diameter of the grain was obtained with supplemental irrigation at anthesis stage, but the maximum length of pedankol was obtained by irrigation at stage of booting.

Maze is widely cultivated in many countries due to capabilities such as adaptation to various climatic conditions, drought tolerance, high performance, ability to be in different frequencies, full adoption of mechanization and the multiple uses. In order to investigate the application effect of mycorrhiza fungus and various amounts of the phosphorus fertilizer levels on the quantitative and qualitative features of Zea mays Single Cross Karoon, an experiment was conducted as factorial in randomized complete blocks design with two levels of mycorrhiza fungus application and non-application and four amounts of phosphorus fertilize with three replications, in north of Khouzestan in 2013 cropping year. The obtained results of variance analysis showed that through adding mycorrhiza fungus the grain yield, biological yield, bush harvesting index, grain number in row and bush height, at one percent level and the traits like bush height, one thousand-grain weight and grain protein was significant at five percent level and row number in grain was not affected by mycorrhiza. Also, A2 treatment (the use of mycorrhizal inoculation) showed higher yield with the average protein percent 10/83 comparing to treatment A1 (lack of using mycorrhizal inoculation) with average 10/59. The effect of phosphate treatment on bush height, one thousand-grain weight, grain yield, grain number, biological yield, bush harvesting index and protein was significant at one percent level and was not significant at row number in maize.