مجله علوم باغبانی ایران
سال چهل و هفتم شماره 3 (پاییز 1395)

In this research, the isolated microspore culture system in 15 rose cultivars was tested. In the first experiment, the effect of rose cultivars on microspore viability and multicellular formation was examined. Results showed that the most multicellular structures obtained in ‘Apollo’, ‘Amarosa’, ‘Majic’, ‘Candy’, ‘Exotic’ and ‘Velvet’ varieties. In the second experiment, the effect of various induction media i. e. TMG and AT3 with different carbohydrate sources (maltose, glucose and sucrose) with or without lactalbumin hydrolysate on microspore embryogenesis was tested. The highest percent of microspore viability and multicellular formed in AT3 medium contained glucose and lactalbumin hydrolysate. In the third experiment, the effect of temperature stresses (25 °C, 4 °C for 14 days and 30 °C for 7 days) on microspore viability and multicellular formation was tested. The most microspore viability obtained at 25 °C treatment, but the highest microspore multicellular formed in stress treatments. In the fourth experiment, the effect of sugar starvation on microspore embryogenesis was assessed. Starvation treatment in ‘Amarosa’ for 3 days at 4 °C caused to microspore embryogenesis. This is the first report of microspore embryogenesis in rose, however, embryos could not regenerate.

As regards Citrus growing in sub-tropical and tropical regions that often expose drought, in order to investigation of some Citrus seedlings response to drought this research was done in factorial experiment based on randomized completely design with three replication under glasshouse conditions. First factor were five Citrus rootstocks and second factor included two treatment of irrigation (optimum irrigation and withholding irrigation for six weeks). The results showed that proline, soluble sugars, malondialdehyde and carotenoid in the majority of rootstock increased and total, b and a chlorophylls decreased in drought stress. Maximum accumulation of proline was observed in drought stress in Backraii rootstock, maximum accumulation of soluble sugars in Sour orange and minimum accumulation of proline and soluble sugars in Mexican lime. Interaction between rootstock and irrigation treatments was not significant. Decreasing amount of total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a and b in Rough lemon rootstock was more than other rootstocks and decreasing amount of chlorophyll a in Sour orange and total chlorophyll and chlorophyll b in Macrophylla was minimal. Furthermore, increasing amount of carotenoid in Sour orange was more than other rootstocks and in Mexican lime was least. Therefore, Sour orange rootstock because of increasement of soluble sugars and carotenoid was the most rootstock tolerant in drought.

Soilless media have different physical properties. Change in air space of mix substrate can cause change in fertigation management and plant growth and yield. Physical properties (water holding capacity, effective air-filled pore space, effective pore space) of 50 mixed substrates were measured to evaluate the effect of air-filled pore space on growth of tomato transplant and it's water use efficiency. Media with different effective air-filled pore space and similar water- holding capacity and effective pore space selected as treatments. Randomized complete block design with 3 replications and 12 observations in each experimental unit was used. Results showed that air-filled pore space of a mixed medium can affect growth properties of tomato transplant and irrigation water use efficiency. Plants grown in sand-cocopeat media with effective air filled pore space of %10.85 had considerable superiority over those grown in substrates with effective air volumes of 21.3% and 17%. There were not significant differences during initial days and the differences became more significant while the plant grew up. There was an obvious differences amount irrigation water use efficiency of experimental plant grown in different media.

In this study, a landrace melon Zarde Jalali as the scion and commercial varieties of Cucurbita rootstocks cv., Shintozwa and Ferro-RZ was used as the rootstock. Grafted plants upon commercial varieties of Cucurbita with own-rooted and ungrafted at three irrigation levels of 60, 80 and 100% (respectively 4984.32, 6124.82 and 7239.41 m3ha-1) based on total available water depletion with drip irrigation system were evaluated. The results showed that with increasing water stress fruit flesh firmness, leaf relative water content and leaf chlorophyll content decreased. Comparison of means showed that maximum (40.76 tonha-1) and minimum (31.16 tonha-1) total yield, obtained by Shintozwa rootstock and self grafted, respectively. The relative changes of performance grafting on increase total yield in Shintozwa and Ferro-RZ rootstocks in compared to non-grafted plants was 23.07 and 14.19 in water deficit conditions respectively. Also the increase in yield was due to the increase in fruit weight so that the average weight of the fruit at Shintozwa rootstock (3.51 kg) and Ferro-RZ rootstock (3.59 kg), was higher in grafted plants compared to non-grafted plants (2.97 kg). Between water levels of 80% and control, no significant differences were found in terms of yield and average fruit weight. Also maximum of marketable yield (38.18 tonha-1) and the lowest yield (26.22 tonha-1) were related to irrigation levels of 100 and 60%, respectively. The maximum (6/7kg m3) and minimum water use efficiency (5/05 kg m3), were related to Shintozwa rootstock and self grafted plants, respectively.

Salicylic acid (SA) and Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) as phytohormone regulate synthesis of secondary metabolites in a wide range of plant species by accumulation of phenylalanine ammonia lyase enzyme (PAL) and accelerate the production of oxygen free radicals, protein kinase, proline and nitrite oxide content. To study the effect of these compounds on synthesis of secondary metabolites, in two separate experiments the callus of artichoke was treated with different levels of MJ and SA (0, 50, 100, 200,250 µM) in the solid MS medium. A positive correlation between proline accumulation and phenolic compounds and negative correlation by photosynthesis pigments showed that in artichoke, the cells try to balance primary and secondary metabolites. Based on the obtained results, when the elicitors applied to cell culture, the amount of phenyl propanoid compounds and proline significantly increased. Application of SA at 100µM had the highest effect on the production of chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid as well as proline. And MJ in 100 µM had the maximum amount of caffeic acid and proline and highest amount of chlorogenic acid was seen in 200 µM. It can be concluded that poly phenolic compounds production, influenced by executed treatments. Optimization the elicitor concentrations could lead to desirable secondary metabolite production of artichoke under in-vitro conditions.

In the current research, salicylic acid and putrescine treatments solutions each with 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 mM/L levels were sprayed on the ‘Granny Smith’ apple trees in three preharvest stages. The treatments were applied based on factorial experiment in the randomized complete block design. Weight loss, fruit firmness, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), pH, TSS/TA, peel color, and ascorbic acid parameters were measured in five stages after the harvest. The results revealed that the treatments led to reduce weight loss, to maintaine fruit firmness and to conserve TA parameters significantly (p

Almond is one of the most important Prunus species. Most almond cultivars and genotypes are self-incompatible and some others are cross-incompatible. However, recently self-incompatible cultivars developed by breeding are available. Therefore self-incompatible cultivars for pollination, fertilization and production require compatible pollen of other cultivars. In this regard the study of pollen and pistil compatibility of the three cultivars of ‘Tuono’, ‘Shokofeh’, ‘Sahand’ and promising five selected genotypes of A1.16, A9.7, A8.39, A10.11 and A230 was made using method controlled pollination and determined the fruit set percentage in the field. Crosses were performed based on flowering overlap among the three groups. Results showed that crosses of Tuono × A9.7 (60.52 % fruit set), A9.7 × A10.11 (79.20% fruit set) and Shokofeh × Sahand (77.52 % fruit set) had the highest of fruit set percentage and maximum compatibility on crosses were used in mentioned groups. Furthermore crosses of Tuono × A230 (42.45 % fruit set) and Tuono × Sahand(39.52 % fruit set) showed 50 percent incompatibility.

Strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) is a good source of natural antioxidants. Fruits from eight Strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) cultivars (‘Kurdistan’, ‘Merck’, ‘Camarosa’, ‘Paros’, ‘Queen Elisa’, ‘Ventana’, ‘Selva’ and ‘Pajaro’) were harvested at ripen stage and analyzed for total phenolic content, total anthocyanin content, vitamin c, total soluble solid and total antioxidant activity. The results showed that the highest TSS was found in Kurdistan, Camarosa, Merek and Ventana cultivars. The cultivars of ‘Pajaro’, ‘Queen Elisa’ and ‘Paros’ had the lowest total phenolic contents. Total Anthocyanin and vitamin C content were highest in ‘Kurdistan’, ‘Merek’ and ‘Camarosa’. Among the investigated strawberry fruits the cultivar of ‘Merek’ showed the highest amount of total titratable acidity, while regarding to total antioxidant activity ‘Queen Elisa’ showed lower total antioxidant activity. There were significantly positive correlation between traits of total phenolic content (0.41), total anthocyanin content (0.42), vitamin C (0.53) total titratable acidity (0.53) and total antioxidant activity. Generally, ‘Kurdistan’, ‘Merek’ and ‘Camarosa’ were good source of antioxidant compounds.

In order to study a the effect of different levels of Ammonium Sulfate on photosynthesis pigments, essential oil content and components in summer Savory, an experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with five treatments and three replications on Karaj climate conditions. The treatments included five levels of ammonium sulfate consist of: control (without fertilizer), 40, 60, 80 and 100 kg/h of ammonium sulfate that were applied as split application (three weeks after sowing). At full flowering stage, the plant samples of all treatments were harvested and measured for the desired attributes such as Chlorophyll a, b and total, carotenoide, essential oil percentage, yield and components (consist of 26 compounds by GC-MS apparatus). The results showed significant differences among treatments on some traits measured. Among 26 identified components in different treatments, just 12 combinations were affected by ammonium sulfate fertilizer. Also, essential oil percentage and yield were significantly affected by treatments. With increasing ammonium sulfate concentration, essential oil percentage and yield significantly increased, so that the highest essential oil percentage and yield (3.55% and 49.97 ml, respectively) related to 100 kg ammonium sulfate and the lowest content (2.68% and 16.32 ml respectively) belonged to control. Carvacrol, as the main component in this plant was affected by treatments. The maximum content (52.06%) in 40 kg ammonium sulfate and the minimum content (46.57%) in 60 kg ammonium sulfate were detected. The lowest total chlorophyll content (18.69 mg/g FW) belonged to 100 kg ammonium sulfate and other treatments were placed in a same group.

Sunburn damage is a physiological disorder, which reducing pomegranate fruits quality and result to huge loss to the gardeners yearly. In this study, the effects of kaolin on maintaining fruit quality and decreasing sunburn damage of Malas-e-Torsh-e-Saveh pomegranate was investigated. Processed Kaolin (surround® WP) with 0, 2.5, 5 and 10 % (w/v) was sprayed over the whole canopy and fruits at 45, 75 and 105 days after fruit set. The results indicated that kaolin significantly decreased fruit sunburn damage. Total soluble solid (TSS), total flavonoid content, total anthocyanin content and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) enzymes reduced in kaolin treated fruits in compared to control. Furthermore, cyanidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3,5-diglucoside, delphinidin 3,5-diglucoside and pelargonidin 3,5-diglucoside content in kaolin treated fruits were lower than control. In contrast, fruit total phenolic content increased, but no significant difference was found for titratable acidity (TA), TSS/TA, pH, antioxidant activity and delphinidin 3-glucoside and pelargonidin 3-glucoside of pomegranate juice. Overall three times spraying with 5% kaolin concentration at 30 days intervals recommended for control of sunburn damage of pomegranate fruits.

Primary bud necrosis (PBN) in grapevine is a physiological disorder that leads to death of fruitful buds and yield loss. The aim of this study was to determine the changes in soluble sugars and starch and their relationship to the incidence of the primary bud necrosis in Askari grapevine. Experiment was conducted in a vineyard that the vines were 15 years old, with a head system, vines spaced 2.5×3 m, as factorial in randomized completely block design with three replications during 2008. The first factor including to fruiting and de-fruited, the second factor 3 level of organ types (Bud, Leaf and Stem) and the third factor with 10 level of sampling date (40 to 130 days after bud break (DAB)).The results showed that the first symptom of PBN disorder began at the 60 DAB and continued to end of growing season. Also the concentration of soluble sugars increased in the early season and then it decreased, but the amount of starch in all organs, especially in bud increased. The concentration of soluble sugars and starch in fruited vine was more than the de-fruited vine. In both fruiting and de-fruited vines, when season ahead, the amount of storage starch was increased in all organs. A negative correlation of soluble sugar and starch with PBN percentage in the fruiting and de-fruited vines were observed. In other word, the role of soluble sugars and starch stored in the bud, on the incidence of PBN in Askari grapevine was confirmed.

In recent years application of plant growth regulators especially growth retardants, has been significantly increased. Trizols (paclobutrzol and trinexapac-ethyl) as the most effective and least harmful growth retardants, induce more dwarf and denser cover plants with both darker and thicker leaves. Therefore, an experiment based on completely randomized block design with 16 treatments and 3 replicates, was conducted to investigate the effect of paclobutrzol and trinexapac-ethyl application on morphological and physiological characteristics of rosemari and thuja “Morgan” as two hedge plants. Immediately after pruning, foliar spray was applied on each plant with 1000 and 4000 mg/l of paclobutrzol or 1000 mg/l of trinexapac-ethyl. Distilled water was used as control. Measured traits were included plant height and width, wet and dry weight of pruned parts, internode elongation, proline content, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll content. Results indicated that growth retardants decreased plant height and width, wet and dry weight of pruned parts and internode elongation, while they increased proline content, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll content as compared to the control plants.

Several plant growth regulators are used to improve the quality of cut flower in bulb plants, but their effectiveness depends on genotype and plant growth conditions such as nutrition status. A pot experiment was conducted under farm condition to study Benzyl Adenine (BA) and potassium nitrate interaction on floret diameter, stem diameter, flower height, flower number per bulb, fresh and dry weight of flower, cut flower vase life and soluble carbohydrates and proteins in leaves of Narcissus. Different levels of BA (0, 100, 200 and 500 mgl-1) were applied by two approaches of soaking bulbs for 24 hours before planting and spraying at early stages of inflorescence emerge. Potassium nitrate levels of (0, 1, 2 and 4 gKg-1 soil) were applied in two stages of trifoliate and swelling of the inflorescence among leaves as soil application. The results showed that all evaluated traits affected significantly by Benzyl Adenine treatments, which indicated Narcissus plants were positive sensitive to cytokinines. There were no statistically-significant difference between control plants and those undergoing potassium nitrate treatments in terms of flower number per bulb, fresh and dry weight of flower and cut flower vase life. Interaction of Benzyl Adenine and potassium nitrate at high levels caused significant increase in floret diameter, stem diameter, fresh and dry weight of flower, cut flower vase life, soluble carbohydrates and proteins. Results showed that the alteration in morphological and biochemical characters because of Benzyl Adenine and nitrogen positively affected cut flower quality of Narcissus.

Fenugreek is one of the important medicinal plant that used in the pharmaceutical industry. In order to investigate the effects of salinity stress on relative water content, membrane stability, total chlorophyll, sodium, potassium, sodium to potassium ratio and proline, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications in 2013. Experimental treatments were combination of eight fenugreek landraces (Isfahan, Tabriz, Hamedan, Sari, Challous, Amol, Mashhad and Yasooj) and four salinity levels (60, 120 and 180 mM NaCl and tap water as a control). Comparison of treatment means revealed significant differences among different salinity levels on relative humidity, membrane stability, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, sodium, and potassium and proline amount. Different levels of salinity led to significant reductions in all of measured in except of proline, sodium and sodium to potassium. The maximum amount of physiological and biochemical characteristics belonged to control (0 mM). The maximum of sodium, sodium to potassium and proline were observed in the salinity level of 180 mM compared to control. Between landraces, Challous, Mashhad, and Isfahan showed the highest amount in most of the studied characteristics in comparison with others. According to the results, these three landraces can be considered as the landraces which contains genes of salt tolerance that could be used to improve genotypes with high potential yield in salin condation.

Holy basil (Ocimum sanctum) is one of the important medicinal plant belongs to Lamiaceae family. In order to evaluate the effect of foliar application of iron on iron and chlorophyll contents and photosynthetic parameters of holy basil, an experiment was conducted at research farm of Department of Horticultural Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz based on randomized complete block design, with six treatments and three replications. The treatments were control, nano iron chelate (0.5, 1 and 1.5 g.l-1) and iron chelate (1 and 1.5 g.l-1) fertilizers. The results showed that the effect of foliar application of iron fertilizers was significant on iron and chlorophyll contents, stomatal conductance, transpiration, net photosynthesis and quantum yield. The highest iron content, stomatal conductance, transpiration and quantum yield were observed in plant sprayed with 1 g.l-1 nano iron chelate. The highest values of chlorophyll, cartenoid and net photosynthesis were obtained in plant sprayed with 1.5 g.l-1 nano iron chelate. The lowest values of mentioned traits were observed in control treatment. Eugenol, 1,8-cineol and methyl chavicol were the main oil components. Overall, in regard to obtained results, for increasing mentioned traits of holy basil, foliar application of nano iron chelate with 1 g.l-1 is recommended.

High temperature is the most important limiting factor for plant growth in many regions. This problem is very serious because of a heading global warming phenomenon. So study of high temperature effects on different cultivars and species and finding out solution to improve plant tolerance is necessary. In this research, effect of mycorrhizalarboscular fungus on some physiological traits of grapevine (Perllete cultivar ) subjected to three temperature (25ºC, 40ºC, 45ºC) was evaluated. The experiment was conducted as a factorial experiment based on completely randomized desing with four replications. The results indicated that photosystem II photochemical efficiency and chlorophyll index were reduced in vines subjected to 45ºC without mycorrhizal fungus inoculation. Whereas this parameters were not significantly affected in vines inoculated by this fungus. In general, in ‘Perllete’ grapevine, inoculation by mycorrhizal had significant effect on tolerance improvrment to high temperature stress.

The flowering phase of apple trees is the most critical step in relation with low temperatures and frost events. Therefore, forecasting the time of flowering is important. If a model can predict the exact time of flowering, it would be feasible to care for flowers agianst late spring freezing (LSF). In this study, we evaluated three temperature-base chilling models namely: Chilling Hours (CH), Utah Model (UM) and Dynamic Model (DM) versus the observed phenological records of apple tree (13 years) in Kahriz (Urmia, Iran). The said models were applied to explain their efficiency and ability for predicting apple phenological dates. The study was performed for apple cultivars in Kahriz station by using phenological observations, daily minimum temperature and maximum screen temperature data (2002-2014). The winter chilling was determined by the three chilling models and remaining heat was estimated using the Growing Degree Hour concept. The model results showed that the Dynamic Model (DM) performed the best results in explaining apple flowering phenology stage with RMSE of lower than four days and relative errors less than 3%. Meanwhile, the probability of LSF was estimated by statistical distributions. By comparing the probability of frost occurrence with the date of the predicted flowering date, the risk of frost damage on apple flowering was determined. The results demonstrated that early flowering varieties, which their flower buds are activated before 25th of March, are exposed to LSF risk, with probability of 50 percent.

In order to study the response of five watermelon accessions (TN.93.765, TN.93.469, TN.93.485, TN.93.425 and TN.93.330) to drought stress an experiment was conducted as factorial experiment in Randomized Completely Block Design with three replications. This research were investigated in hydroponic system with four levels of osmotic potential induced by poly ethylene glycol 6000 (PEG) including 0 as control, -0.4, -0.8 and -1.2 MPa. Based on results among accessions remarkable differences were observed. Accessions of TN.93.765 and TN.93.485 revealed the lowest reduction in fresh and dry weight and leaf area and also the highest amount of photosynthetic pigments at severe stress condition (-1.2 Mpa). Amount of chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments gradually increased with increasing osmotic potential up to -0.8Mpa but reduced at -1.2 Mpa. Accessions of TN.93.765 from Isfahan and TN.93.485 from Khorasan obtained maximum amount of proline, total phenolic compound and antioxidant capacity in severe stress condition. Based on the results we could demonstrate that these accessions were more tolerable to drought stress in comparison with others.

Protection and the prevention of illegal departures national grape germplasm, as one of the most important assets of the country, requires identification of the commercial and native cultivars and registered them in the international centers. The present project was conducted in order to registration the most important grape cultivars of Iran based on morphological and physiological traits in the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV).This research was run in Qazvin and West Azerbaijan provinces on cultivar of Fakhri, Pykamy, Khvshnav, RishBaba Sefid, RishBaba Ghermez, Sefid Bidaneh, Shahrodi, Shast Arous, Yaghoti, Askari, Ghermez Bidaneh and Mish Pestan. Fifty traits were measured based on Guidelines for the conduct of tests for Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability (DUS) in grapes cultivars during two years. Results showed application of quantitative or qualitative traits was unable to distinguish from together all the grape varieties studied. But the combination of some qualitative and quantitative properties as the key attributes yielded the full performance in distinguishing varieties. As cultivars were completely distinguished, only with application of rates of eleven qualitative and quantitative traits such as number of consecutive tendrils, shape of blade, profile in cross section, number of lobes, shape of teeth, ripening, seed formation (as a plant code) or presentation of four characters, including fruit color, seed formation, profile in cross section and tendril length. On this basis, can be stated that registration of qualitative and quantitative traits is the best practice to distinguish grape varieties from each other and perhaps, does not require to measurements genetic fingerprinting in except of certain cases.