فصلنامه هنرهای زیبا - معماری و شهرسازی
سال بیست و یکم شماره 1 (پیاپی 65، بهار 1395)

Mega city-regions or Metropolitan regions- that was introduced for the first time in a Cabinet article in 1995- are becoming a dominant form of human settlements both in developed and developing countries. Despite of all contentious discussion on economic and demographic significance of metropolitan regions and so rationality of establishing a distinct structure for their effective management and governance, there are a few institutions and governmental structures for effective metropolitan planning and governance. The main questions of present paper are: A. what are the economic, social, political and environmental rationality for establishing a specific structure or process for management and governance of metropolitan regions? B. What is the most important factor for explaining rationality of regionalism in Tehran metropolitan region? According to literature review there are five arguments for explaining metropolitan regionalism: a. efficiency argument (economic rationality), b. strategic planning and effectiveness argument (planning rationality), c. democracy argument (political rationality), d. equity argument (social rationality) and, e. competitiveness argument (economic rationality). present paper argue , by referring to study of spatial and political structure of Tehran Metropolitan Region(TMR); three range of theories in metropolitan regionalism namely old regionalism, public choice and new regionalism, and also best practices in the field, that the most important argument on explaining rationality of metropolitan regionalism in TMR is arguments on enhancing policy effectiveness and creating strategic capacity dealing with regional environmental problems achieved by creating spatial strategic planning framework. Present research argues that the most challenging environmental regional problem in TMR is sprawl. For doing detail research on this aspect, main theories presenting relationship between political fragmentation and sprawl was reviewed. Research findings resulted from examination of spatial trends of regional growth in TMR confirm main sections of theoretical frameworks derived from works of known researchers in the fields. According to these theoretical frameworks, in the condition of political fragmentation, spillover growth always leaks from central and big cities (with exclusionary planning and lack of affordable housing) to unincorporated areas without growth control and cheap land available for development, the areas have great accessibility to major service centers. After a while and due to concentration of population in unincorporated area, these centers get incorporated and established municipality and growth control power. In the new established condition, spillover growth finds these new areas not desirable for development for their relative high cost and constraint on development comparing to unincorporated outer fringe. Control of this process of sprawl which works in a cyclic manner and also carrying out growth management will not be possible in the condition of political fragmentation in which there is not any body for coordinated regional spatial planning. Accordingly, the mission of any kind of regional body must be regional growth management. Therefore, metropolitan regionalism (in the meaning of establishing specific structure for metropolitan governance) in TMR is mainly explained by referring to rationality of regional growth management (guiding growth and coping with region-wide sprawl), the mission which is impossible in the condition of political and functional fragmentation.

Examining the relationship among cinema, architecture and city has become one of the substantial issues in modernity-based film theories in recent years. Debate about the reconfiguration of modern city’s landscapes in the nineteenth century and concentration on the concept of “flanerie” forms the main part of what David Bordwell calls the “modernity thesis”. Flanerie is an aimless excursion in a kind of distracted perception and absent-mindness through the labyrinths of modern metropolis. Strolling, watching and being absorbed into the visual and spatial attractions of metropolis, is the main motivation of a flaneur. Baudelaire introduced the flaneur as the modern world's hero, someone who seeks to immerse himself in the collective sensuality of urban spaces, looking to be melted down in fluidity of urban chaos, in search for fusion with collective mass to become "one flesh with the crowd". Like Baudelaire, Walter Benjamin also considered the flaneur as the archetype of modern subject, who in an ecstatic state strolls through the urban spaces and his emphatic look to moving bodies and faces reach to a level in which he is transformed to a united body with the crowd. At the same time, he can be either self or the other. Pointing to intimate and interactive relationship between flanerie and the artistic imagination, Benjamin believed that due to the flaneur's creativity in dreaming, in front of his eye, the urban environment is converted to a surreal landscape. It might be stated that flaneur is projecting his imaginative inner world over the physical reality of the city and reciprocally by employing physical and psychical essence of the city forms to his own dream. Hence, for a flaneur, an intertwined relation emerges between the real and imaginary maps of the city, to the extent that he cannot distinguish between these two maps. During this dissolving process between the illusional and real maps of the city, the flaneur practically appears as a dreamer architect who reconstructs the architectural identity of the city by projecting his own inner emotional space into the physical territory of the urban landscape. Benjamin, who had acknowledged the cinematic qualities of modern city, also connects cinema and flanerie, and emphasizes that the act of flaneur is so much similar to the experiences of making and watching a film. In this way, the film spectator could be considered as an imaginary flaneur, walking through cinematic time and space. With the changes in the contemporary urban planning, the context of flanerie has also been transformed, and in contemporary automobile-based cities, car driving can be considered as a new version of flanerie. The viewpoint of the observer from the car and the perception of changing landscapes through the car window, have an undeniable similarity to watching a film, And by looking through the windshield, the city unfolds itself sequentially as a cinematic screen. The car's "autopia", provides an audiovisual space in which, the montage of the images as well as the sonic soundtrack are completely reminiscent of the space of the cinema.

The prosperity and success of cities are a result of complicated process of policy making in distinct periods. Urban policy making is considered as a collection of decisions for implementation of strategies and achieving urban development goals at micro level and in planning process. In this paper, however, we focus on meso level of policy making which has shaped the mechanism of Tehran’s Strategic-Structural (Comprehensive) Plan preparation. At this level of analysis also referred to as institutional level, actors who influence policies and shape policy agendas are at the center stage. Here, we focus on environmental analysis of meso level of policy making in Tehran strategic-structural (comprehensive) plan (1999-2011). We use descriptive-analytical methods to review the published material and documents. A series of semi-structure interviews with 22 experts in several urban management institutions were conducted in order to complete the data needed for analysis. The results of this paper show that the environment of meso level policy making in Tehran’s strategic-structural (comprehensive) plan shifted from shared understanding of urban issues among the major institutions in late 1370s (SH) to a negative aura of unclear and destructive competitions which undermined the public interests in late 1380s (SH). Several procedural factors can be sited for this shift. One is the imbalanced power distribution among those involved in the in institution which was formed to prepare the plan. This institution is refereed to here as "the Management and Planning Organization of Tehran’s development plans" (MPOTDP). In general, there were three main goals to establish this institution, at first, approaching government activities to local public interest, second, approaching planning system (preparation of urban development plans) to implementation system (implementation of urban development plans) and finally, approaching government, Tehran city council and municipality of Tehran (in fact, approaching planning and implementation). Other factors for shifting from shared understanding of urban issues to negative aura included: the imposing bureaucratic nature of urban management in Iran, multitude interpretations of Tehran’s Strategic-Structural (Comprehensive) Plan and particularly the detailed plans, the negative competition between Tehran’s municipality and the central government and process of attenuating and ultimately dissolving the above-mentioned institution. In the period between 1376-1390 (SH) when the MPOTDP was not yet formed and then between 1386-1390 (SH) when the institution was dissolved, urban policies were shown to be inefficient, segmented and partial. Thus the meso level policy making environment in Tehran’s plan was inevitably imbalanced, impermanent and uncoordinated. Consequently, this has created several challenges for future. In such an environment, the institutions, groups and individuals involved in Tehran’s urban management peruse their own agendas and interests without considering the interests of the City as a whole. The experts who were interviewed all commonly suggest that certain equilibrium-reaching mechanisms need to be formulated for the urban management bodies by means of bringing together the major actors in all sorts of governmental, public, private, NGO institutions for all levels of policy making process from agenda setting to evaluation of policy implementation.

Historic cities contain an old urban structure, which have been formed over time, based on the city’s identity features and have emanated in the form of historical relations and elements; Therefore the quality of interventions took place in these contexts couldn’t be ignored. Tabriz is one of Iran’s most important historic cities that its structural identity has changed throughout history due to various human factors, wars and earthquakes. This changes especially those that took place in modern era, with emergence of new needs and functions in cities, have disturbed the integration of old town and have trembled the dignity and potion of historical elements and their contexts. These changes created the phenomenon problems associated with the old town structure, which unstable the role of many historic elements. The emergence of new urban relations contrasts with the spatial structure of the old city. The modernization of Iran’s cities happened at a time that they did not have the actual conditions of an industrial city or even took the transition phase to modernism or had and understanding of the first principles of this evolution. These changes only imitate the underlying principles of modernization and in practice reject the old continuum of the city. This paper’s goal is to identify the physical and structural changes of Tabriz’s old town due to contemporary interventions, which effects the city’s historic identity. Therefore to understand the modality of these changes, the condition of three important historic areas of Tabriz city, Saheb-ol-amr Square, Ark Alishah (Alishah Citadel) and Bagh Shomal (North Garden) have been analyzed. Also these areas have been compared with three global models, Piazza San Marco of Venice, Piazza del Duomo of Milan and Jardin des Tuileries of Paris, which are remarkable and successful historic urban areas. By that maybe an understanding of effects of urban interventions on city’s historical identity could be achieve. In this regard to understand the dignity and position of these sets in the continuum of old town, by using historical-interpretive strategy, the historical maps and documents of old city and its elements and structure have been analyzed. Also current situation of these historic areas in city, and the semantic and functional transition in them due to contemporary interventions, using qualitative strategy, have been analyzed. Finally, analysis makes it clear that contemporary interventions on city’s historical structure have jeopardized their position in city’s continuum and by interrupting their semantic and functional structure, made them unable to continue their rightful role as important historical and cultural elements in urban life. Also analysis and comparisons of Tabriz’s historic areas and global models clarifies that the dignity and position of historical areas in urban life must be strengthen by directing the flow of urban life to these areas and sometimes provide a new function for them. By that maybe they can obtain a decent and active role in the continuum of city, because these elements and areas form the city’s historical identity that their loss and destruction means the loss of city’s historical identity.

Studying real as well as imagery spatiality of family roles and image of them for family members should be put among first steps of any architectural design program that aims to achieve in stabilizing of family pattern of a certain culture. Its importance is more obvious for those cultures which want to save family structure as their basis of existence and growth. A literature review of current socio-spatial studies of home in the first part of the article has shown a kind of ignorance or even opposition towards main family roles (i.e. fatherhood, motherhood, spouse), so such studies are mainly organized around dialectic relationship among two genders and home is considered as central point of the conflict. Feminists’ theoretical positions are clearly dominant here, although it could not be forgotten that leftist basis of social sciences has its overwhelming impact on any study of this kind. So it may be clear that for an Islamic society as Iran such a research gap of family-based study of home is highly required to maintain and improve its preferred social pattern based on family relations. The current research is arranged towards such a goal via quantitative as well as qualitative study of spatiality of father’s presence at home. Because there were no previous study of the subject, at first some usual behaviors of father role in Iranian society (positive or negative ones) were selected and put on examination via a questionnaire designed to measure spatiality of fathers’ image among the youths (the cases were taken from Tabriz for consistency). Target behaviors of the questionnaire fill an spectrum from individual presence of father at home to family actions with his contribution and finally covers his presence in wider collections at home (i.e. parties). These are arranged in four categories: one person actions, two-person interactions, family interactions and family-stranger (guest) interactions. For every category 4 to 11 presence- behavior patterns are identified that their relation with images of father are quantitatively explored. Then the main features emerged from quantitative study were put in more detailed study using four open email interview. The four of respondents selected were asked to describe about those patterns and send some pictures of the place of father in those positions at their home. ‘Family-biased’ and ‘rituality’ are two main labels of fathers’ images emerged from quantitative research. These findings are clearly in opposition with dialectic discussion of current literature of home (male-female ones). ‘Father’ in his individual presence and signs of such presence have been far less memorable than his being in family or guest spaces. This fact is far strengthened in results of qualitative enquiry where ritual as well as custodial roles of father in his spatiality in family are emphasized. His presence at main corners of collective spaces of home and important angles of family gatherings are main elements of spatiality of fathers’ image. Results of this research open some ways towards understanding of father-home relation and can provide some basics for interior design oriented to family behaviors.

Security is one of the most important human needs. Researchers believe that the need for security has a strong and close relationship with the physical characteristics of the environment and people’s satisfaction. To study the relationship between security and environmental (physical and social) satisfaction, ‘’CPTED’’ approach and its principals in Design and environmental planning and Urban landscape will be helpful. CPTED Model which is to comply with certain standards helps environmental designers to cope with social and security problems in residential and neighbourhood environment in order to help residents feel safe. The main environmental factors in the CPTED model are physical, functional, social and economical and perceptual-psychological variables, while the main environmental factors in the residential satisfaction are environmental, social and physical characteristics. A theory of residential satisfaction is developed and used in the specification of a model wherein compositional characteristics of the context of the dwelling and neighborhood in which residents live influence various dimensions of satisfaction. Residents’ opinions about their neighborhood offer important insights. They shed light on which aspects of the setting have a greater impact on overall residential environmental satisfaction. Any incongruence between the set of needs, especially security needs, and the current residential status can be used as a predictor for behavior. Thus residential satisfaction as a criterion of residential quality determine the degree to which a person is satisfied with residential environment. The research’s main questions are: 1.What is the relationship between residential satisfaction and the sense of security in the Naziabad residential complex? 2. How is the correctional coefficient between residential satisfaction and the sense of Security? 3. Can the CPTED Model and its principles be generalized into the Naziabad residential? Complex in order to measure the relationship between residential satisfaction and the sense of security? This study aimed to determine the relationship between senses of security and residential Satisfaction in architectural design of the Tehran ‘’hezar-dastgah’’ residential complex. The method of research in this study is case-study with the use of correlational research method. Using the ‘’CPTED’’ approach and Sense of security and residential satisfaction, the research’s main tactic was survey research. 240 families in hezar-dastgah residential complex with at least 2 years of residency were purposively selected. To measure the dependent and independent variables a questionnaire was organized. Validity of the questionnaire was approved and in order to reach validity, the research used Cronbach's alpha coefficient technique. The statistical software ‘’SPSS’’ and Descriptive Statistics were selected to analysis the data with the use of Independent T-test, Chi-Square, One way ANOVA test and Pearson correlation coefficient. The level of significance P

Students’ social life in all formal and informal spaces of the faculty can greatly influence their learning process. These interactions are more regarded through training design as a social art which is involved to others from the very beginning such as understanding the problem to final steps and implementation. An issue which is important before interactions through educational structure of architecture schools is a proper environment for these interactions which are mostly disregarded in designing educational spaces. Since environmental qualities can make potentials or limits for social interactions and be effective on students’ place preference (attracting groups and gatherings), studying these effective factors is important in order to qualify architecture educational spaces. In this research, first we gathered researchers` queries about the role of built space toward social interactions in order to find the influential factors. Then these factors were classified _based on canter model of place_ in three parts as physical aspects of place, activities and semantic aspects of place. The factors included proper facilities for sitting, variety and choice, aesthetic, dimensions and proportions of the space, space organization, light and noise, adjacent functions and visibility for physical aspects; passive and active avocation for activities and sense of belonging and concept of being collective and public for semantic aspects of place. Afterward, type and way of students’ interactions and effective environmental factors for facilitating or limiting these interactions are studied by qualitative research on architecture faculty of Bu-Ali-Sina University and Fine Arts campus as two case-studies. The qualitative research was conducted by means of interviews and observations and the results used for completing the canter based framework of the study. So food access, access to academic facilities and connection to open space were added to physical aspect and sense of place to semantic aspects. In this research, data are gathered through using interview, observation and questionnaire. First, effective place factors are offered by using interviews, observations and previous studies based on Canter model of place. The factors extracted from interviews and observations were presented as a questionnaire to a larger sample in order to find each factor’s effect for student’s place preference in gatherings. Students should answered the questions separately for educational and friendly gatherings. Data were analyzed by SPSS software using Freidman and X2 tests. The results suggest that students prefer some informal places of the faculty for gathering which have some specific qualities; these specifications are different for educational and friendly gatherings. In friendly gatherings, Sense of belonging, friendly atmosphere of place, food access, dimensions and aesthetic are the most important factors in students’ place preference. On the other hand, the significant features in educational gatherings are space organization, access to academic facilities, lighting, silence and furniture. Altogether, semantic aspects for friendly gatherings and physical aspect for educational gatherings were more important than other factors. But in spite of the resemblances, there was a difference in describing the ideal social place between students of two faculties. In Bu-Ali-Sina University, the ideal place for friendly and educational gatherings are more similar than those of fine art faculty.

Game theory is an approach based on mathematics to study social interactions and modeling strategic situations. This theory focuses on decision situations where preferences of decision makers are disputed. Existence of strategic position in city also with a conflict of interest or competition makes using game theory to describe the urban management issues, attractive. One of the important controversial positions in the management of Tehran is construction of real estate sector. Construction in Tehran, not only is an important economic activity, but also is the point focus of urban development plans, and players in this sector have become one of the main and most important players in urban power in Tehran. Since the past years and to date, proceeds from the sale of excess density or in other words, and proceeds from granting licenses to rent urban land, formed the main basis of revenue of metropolis cities of the country. This study by using game theory approaches attempts strategic positioning analysis and modeling of various actors of the city. Therefore, in the first step theories of urban power has been studied and a framework is designed for modeling its components. In the second step, with the principles of game theory, the most important elements in the form of a framework are extracted for its features. In the third step, the framework of the aforementioned confronted and examined that under what condition game theory applies to the analysis of urban power. The results show that components of a play in game theory are similar to urban power components, but in terms of assumptions of game theory there is conflict between the theories of urban power. These assumptions have been examined in the two groups of rational choice and ethical choice. In a general conclusion, applications of game theory in general and specifically for urban management can be summed in the analysis of phenomena, organizational design and change in mechanisms and rules of the game. So game theory can be a new framework for analysis of urban issues and urban management decisions, but to use it, its assumptions should be noted and theories of urban power should be reviewed in those assumptions. The case of this research is analysis of urban power play between players in the process of urban construction in Tehran. This game is modeled and analyzed based on one of the most famous examples of the application of game theory which is the Prisoner's Dilemma. The results showed that the game at the current state of the theory of power in the city has two main problems. First, the cost of construction surplus into the city is not counted properly. Second, the lack of consideration the different actors (including community activists and NGOs) has caused their interests to be overlooked in the game, and municipalities and construction unilaterally, participated in the game. The rules of the game are set that the stable point of game leads to municipality earnings volatility and resulting in instability of city.