فصلنامه بیماری های پستان ایران
سال نهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 34، پاییز 1395)

Fibroadenoma is the most common benign breast mass that occurs in young women. Many endocrine and non endocrine theories have been proposed about benign breast disease including the role of thyroid hormones. Some studies have noted the high prevalence of thyroid disorder in benign and malignant breast disease. So The aim of this study was to determine the level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid peroxidase antibody (Anti-TPO) status in patients with breast fibroadenomas.
in this cross sectional study 100 patients with breast fibroadenoma refferd to surgery clinic of mostafa khomeini hospital were enrolled. Demographic data were collected through interviews. The size and number of breast masses on sonography was extracted. Measurement of serum TSH and thyroid Anti-TPO was performed for all patients.
The mean age of patient was 26.6 ± 7.37 years and 53% were single. 32% of patients had a history of breastfeeding. Average serum levels of TSH was 2.63 ± 2.32 u/ml. 14% of patients had abnormal serum levels of TSH. Anti-TPO in 9.7% of patients was positive. There was no relationship between Serum levels of TSH and Anti-TPO status with age, size and number of masses and marital status.
The results of our study indicate a high prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in patients with breast fibroadenomas, in which the incidence of hypothyroidism is more than hyperthyroidism. The prevalence of autoimmune hypothyroidism in our study was relatively high, but the frequency of autoimmune hyperthyroidism is negligible.

Breast cancer is one of the most common gynecological diseases. Segmentation and boundary detection of the breast tumors are from the most serious challenges in the diagnosis of breast cancer. Nowadays mammography is the best way to detect the breast tumors, in which, inaccurate segmentation and edge detection of the masses may lead to wrong diagnosis or biopsy of the breast tissue. In this paper, a new hybrid method for the segmentation and edge detection of the tumors in the mammographic images of the breast tissue is introduced in order to facilitate automatic classification of tumors as benign or malignant.
In this research, the well-known DDSM database was employed which includs 150 mammography images of malignant tumors, and 150 mammography images of benign tumors. After removing additional areas such as background, edge detection of the tumors was done via segmentation of the image based on the image histogram and the combination of wavelet transform and genetic algorithm as well as mathematical morphology. Also, Ant colony optimization and Particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithms were used for segmentation of the mammography images and compared with the proposed method.
The proposed hybrid method has good accuracy and high speed in segmentation of the mammography images for classification of the breast tumors. The hybrid method including genetic algorithm leads to higher classification accuracy compared with ant colony optimization and PSO algorithms. The segmentation of tumors via the proposed hybrid method leads to classification accuracy 91.4% which is satisfactory.
The proposed hybrid method is a fast and efficient method for segmentation and edge detection of the breast tumors. The results of this paper showed that the proposed intelligent method has good ability to detect the tumors to help the radiologists and so the unnecessary biopsy of the breast tissue may be omitted. Secondly, between the applied segmentation algorithms, genetic algorithm leads to higher classification accuracy.

The studies of the last two decades have shown that regular training has an important role in inhibiting breast cancer progression, alsoErbB3 function as aTherapeutic factor for reduction of tumor growth, so the aim of the study was to evaluate the comparison of HighIntensity Interval Training Versus Continuous Training on the expression of ErbB3 in breast cancer bearing mice.
For this purpose, 18 BALB/c mice (6-8 weeks, weight 19 ± 1.05 g), after induction of cancer (MC4-L2 subcutaneous injection into the right side of the mice), were randomly divided into three 6-member groups: high-intensity interval training, continuous training and control. Each session of high-intensity interval training group program includes sixintervals of three minutes and 20 seconds with an intensity of 85 to 90 percent of VO2max and 1 minute recovery with 30 to 35 percent VO2max intensity between each interval and The continuous training program was defined as running at 60% VO2max for 60 minutes in each session; Training programs were conducted five days a week for 10 weeks.
The statistical results showed thatthe expression level of ErbB3 decreased significantly in both exercise groups compared to the Control group(p=0.005); however, there was no difference between both exercise groups(p=0.304)and alsoboth continuous and interval training were effective to inhibit the growth of breast tumors, but HIT program appears to confer greater inhibitor than the continuous training program.
It seems that HIT is more effective at inhibit breast tumor than the continuous training program.

Mammography is the most common modality for screening breast cancer. In this paper a computer aided system is introduced to diagnose benignity and malignancy of masses.
In the first step of the proposed method, masses are prepared for segmentation using a noise reduction and contrast enhancement technique. Afterwards, a region of interest is segmented using a new adaptive region growing algorithm, and boundary and texture features are extracted to form its feature vector. Consequently, a new robust architecture is proposed to combine weak and strong classifiers to classify masses. Finally, the proposed mass diagnosis system was also tested on mini-MIAS and DDSM databases.
The obtained results indicate that the proposed system can compete with the state-of-the-art methods in terms of accuracy.
The novelties of the proposed system can be summarized as presenting a new automatic adaptive region growing algorithm to extract boundary of masses, using descriptors based on empirical mode functions, and introducing a new framework for combing classifiers.

Stress, anxiety and depression have negative effect on functional status, quality of life, duration and frequency of hospitalization and even the prognosis of patients with breast cancer. The prevalence of unpleasant feelings is a risk factor for reduced survival and disagreement of treatment of these patients. This study aimed to determine stress, anxiety and depression and it is relationship with demographic variables and parental bonding with in patients with breast cancer.
The study was cross-sectional and descriptive- analytical. The study conducted on 260 patients with breast cancer referred to in 22 bahman hospital in neyshabour city through convenience sampling from October 2012 to September 2015. Data were collected through demographic information and questionnaire (DASS-42). After collection, the data were analyzed by SPSS 21 software.
The prevalence of stress, anxiety and depression in patients with cancer were 66.7%, 77.4%, 51.2%, respectively. Average scores of stress (25/75±1.77), depression (19.46±10.76) and anxiety were (15.57±9.10) this indicates that patients with cancer have moderate of stress and depression and were high levels anxiety. The test results showed that, there are significant relationship between the rate of education, history of psychiatric disorders in family, age, number of children and the prevalence of stress, anxiety and depression.(P The results of this study can help nurses based on counseling services, appropriate care and supporting So that they can provide appropriate and timely preventive strategies and planning programs to reduce unpleasant emotions breast cancer patients and improving their condition and parental bonding.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women around the world, and the survival rate for patients greatly depends on their quality of life, which is in turn determined by their psychological experiences. The present study thus focuses on investigating psychological experiences among women with breast cancer.
This research is a content analysis qualitative study, based on semi-open and semi-structured interviews. The participants comprised of 15 patients with breast cancer, undergoing chemotherapy or follow-up treatments after their mastectomy, who had visited the Breast Cancer Research Center of the Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (BCRC, ACECR) at the time of the research. None of the patients had distant metastasis and the disease was controlled. We have selected this group of patients because they are passing through the critical stage of facing with the bad news, spending many levels of their disease treatment, and achieving stability in the disease situation. After permission, the participants were interviewed with the open and unbiased questions in a relaxed atmosphere away from confounding factors and in an empty room of the clinic. The interview with each participant lasted 30 minutes and the participants orally allowed us to record the interview. The results were analyzed after several reviewing the transcript of the interview.
The participants were 36 to 72 years old, and their education backgrounds ranged from illiteracy to bachelor's degree. All patients were married and had 1 to 3 children. After being diagnosed with breast cancer, some patients felt anger or sadness, and they generally emphasized on the necessity of emotional supports from their families to face the diagnosis results. Some participants did not view cancer as a disaster, and a majority of them did not wish they had not been affected with by cancer, while most of them contemplated about their death every night.
The results of the study depicted that while most patients experienced anger or sadness when they were informed about their cancer diagnosis, they had accepted the disease and its side effects through time, in a manner that most patients had coped with dramatic changes in their body image as a result of mastectomy, and did not recall it as a negative experience. It seemed that time could gradually change psychological experiences among cancerous patients.

Health literacy is a measure of an individual’s ability to read, comprehend, and act on medical instructions. According to the theory of planned behavior, the main cause of a behavior is intention. This study aimed to determine the association between health literacy and constructs of theory of planned behavior and Breast Cancer Screening Tests performance among rural women in Roshtkhar
This cross-sectional study was conducted on 250 women above age 35 years who were selected by Multi-stage random sample method from population covered by rural health centers of Roshtkhar. Data were collected by researcher-made questionnaire and questionnaire of Test of functional health literacy in adults. Data were analysed using SPSS software version16, using descriptive statistics and Spearman correlation test, Kruskal-Wallis and linear regression models (α=0.05).
The mean age of participants was 39.6±4.84 years. The Kruskal Wallis Test was shown a significant relationship between Breast Cancer Screening Tests performance and Health Literacy (p The theory of planned behavior could be used as an appropriate theoretical framework for the design and implementation of health literacy and breast cancer interventions.