فصلنامه مجلس و راهبرد
پیاپی 88 (زمستان 1395)

Children are seen as human capital and foremost source for determining the future of any society. Deprivating children from enough facilities will face them with different problems and this deplorable situation continues to spread toward adult period. This study aims to measure the children''s poverty rate in Tehran during 2011and to identify the most effective factors shaping children poverty.
At first¡ drawing on «Urban Heart» ¡ the children''s poverty rate is calculated in terms of education and information¡ and then drawing on logit model the effect of variables such as education¡ employment¡ age and gender of household head¡ violence¡ food insecurity¡ the addicts and the disabled in household¡ and place of residence on child poverty will be considered. According to results¡ the highest rate of non-attendance at school: for age 7 to 11 in 18th municipal district (1/4%) ¡ 12 to 14 in 14th municipal district (1/46%) ¡ 15 to 17 in 17th municipal district (3/08) ¡ 7 to 18 in 17th municipal district (1/71%) ¡ also 31 percent of children 4 to 6 in 16th municipal district have n''t registered in the kindergarten.
The highest rate of gaps in education: for primary school (8/84%) ¡ guidance school (6/88%) in 15th municipal district and high school (6/06%) in 18th municipal districts. Educational deprivation¡ female household headship and increasing age of household head¡ food insecurity¡ violence¡ and the disabled in household are among most important factor shaping children''s educational deprivation.
0. 52 percent of children aged from 7 to 18 in southern Tehran and 1. 07 percent of children in 15th municipal district do not have any access to home telephone¡ mobile and computer. Educational deprivation and unemployed household head¡ food insecurity and the addicts in household¡ residence in the southern and eastern Tehran are the important factors affecting children''s information poverty.

In recent years, America's foreign and military policies appear to be incompatible and contradictory. America, on the one hand, declares an anti-terror gesture and on the other hand, supports such terrorists as ISIS and Al-Qaeda not least in Iraq and Syria. this conflict reflects a theoretical basis behind creating war and terror in the world, called "the need to create the war in incompatible civilizations". This theory emphasizes two elements: the political economy of military-industrial complexes; and the Huntington's theory of clash of civilizations. these two elements cause US government to create and maintain a virtual enemy and to create perpetual war in Muslem war.
Reaserch method is the document-based analysis, drawing on three sources: USA national security strategy; empirical evidence on terrorist activities in Middle East and comparative analysis on them during and post Cold War Era; and causal ananlysis on measuring correlation between Middle Eastern state's military expenditure and their domestic conflicts.

Extra-costs of development projects and delays in their termination, as important issues in public finance require a mechanisms for Enhancing Quality of Implementment and reducing their costs. Theorectically, performing development projects can be carried out democratically and non-democratically, imposing extra-costs in all countries. but the main problem is to find mechanism to reduce these costs as much as possible.
In this paper, given the legal context, political and policy-making structures in the approval of development projects, and the experience of some other countries, three solutions are recommended: Public-Private Partnership, Privatization and Prioritization. In this context, it is necessary to classify them into three groups ineconomical terms. Profitable (economically feasible) projects; projects that are not profitable but can be made profitable in the foreseen future; and unprofitable projects.
The first two groups of projects require Public-Private Partnership, and Privatization, and Prioritization is recommended for the third group. In doing so, a new legal context as well as existing laws should be considered.

Over the past decades, many studies have been done about the corruption, usually focussed on one aspect of corruption while corruption is a complex social phenomenon which shapes, and is shaped by, various economic, cultural, and political systems. fighting against corruption requires a correct and comprehensive understanding of this phenomenon as well as a knowledge of its root cuases. Writing a thesis for the degree of doctor of philosophy in 2012, Muhammad Aman Ullah has analyzed corruption in Pakistan and provided a dynamic model on corruption.
Drawing on the system dynamics methodology, as language of system-based thinking, and on the model provided by Amanullah in 2012,the paper seeks to examine collected data over the years 2003-13 in Iran, and then develop them by adding "social capital" variable. Finally, the paper will provide some combined scenarios on systemic fighting against corruption through computer simulation.

High-tech products play an important role in world trade exchange. Although Iranian economy has a low-volume exports in terms of high technology industries, lacking a prominent place in the world, it has some advantageous potentials compared to other countries in the region, by virtue of which can develop ICT, if it produces high-quality products and use a updated knowledge on marketing in order to select the target markets.
Examining the production and export of ICT products over the period 2010-2013, this paper aims to identify and prioritize some potential and actual opportunities for exporting Hi-tech Products in Iran. In doing so, the paper uses the Decision Support Model (DSM) approach and introduces High-tech products in terms of four-number codes based on a harmonized system on description and coding of commodities (HS).
The results of this study indicate the fact that Iran’s high-tech exports contains 2455 export possibilities, which 235 export possibilities combine country-product as actual export possiilities and 2220 combine country-product as potential export possibilities. in most of the products, countries with priority are mainly from Asia, especially the middle East, central Asia, and the caucasus.Thus there is a wide Gap between realized exports and export possiilities.

Since three last decades,various legal systems has paid attention to Good Legislation and act's formal and sustansive characteristics. This fact has been presented at first by legal scholarsand then by courts and constitutions.
Having examined briefly the “Quality of Law” and its legal basis, this paper seeks to consider the role of courts in supervising the characteristics and quality of law in Romanio-Germanic law as well as common law systems in order to determine and propose the court's appropriate legal status for supervising good legislation according to the duties deemed to carry out.
Although Iran has paid a coherent attention to the issue of “quality of legal legislation” during a time relatively later than other legal systems have do, the government’s recent attention to “quality of legal legislation” and the proposition of the drafted Bills of law regarding legislative policies in the cabinet appear to be promising. Thus, this paper's findings can remove some problems regarding the Iranian court's role and duties related to the issue of “quality of legal legislation”.

Power industry, as one of the crucial infrastructures, plays important role in development of Iran's social and economic sectors and is seen as a network industry. This research aims to design a resistenence economy model in Iranian power industry, drawing on qualitative approach, asing on descriptive-analytical method, and adopting applied and developmental purposes.
In doing so, having examined Iranian Power Industry's weaknesses, strengths, and puposes, the paper uses snow card technique to discern an appropriate pattern on Resistenence Economy an power industry sector.
The findings of this research show that strategies regarding resistenence economy model in Iranian power industry can be categorized as reconstructing-enhancing, capacity-building, and solidising strategies. These strategies are oriented towards establishing stability and economic security, promoting progress beyond economic growth, restructuring power industry, developing a competitive environment, strengthening private sector and contributing to growth of renewable energy power industry.

This paper aims to investigates the impact of dimensions of Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) on financial performance of west Azerbaijan SMEs in terms of the role of environmental dynamism. To accomplish this goal, using the questionnaire as well as drawing on a field study and survey, the impact of five dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation, namely innovation, risk-taking, aggressive competition, proactiveness and autonomy, are investigated. In other words, this research seeks to answer the following questions: do the dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation contain a positive impact on the financial performance of small and medium enterprises? What's environmental dynamism role? These questions are assessed through multiple regression and hierarchical regression.
The results indicate that relationship between the four couples; innovation/ financial performance, risk taking/ financial performance, proactiveness/ financial performance and aggressive competition/ financial performance is significant and positive. but there is not significant relationship between autonomy and financial performance of SMEs. In addition, environmental dynamism moderates the relationship between the mentioned four couples. But environmental dynamism does not moderate the relationship between autonomy and financial performance.

Foreign policy elites are those who has ability to take decision according to law and charismatically. Speeches and literature delivered by officials of U.S. foreign policy are considered as parts of official foreign policy. Therefore, drawing on content analysis methodology, this paper tries to identify the dominated and implicit pattern in U.S. official literature. In other words, by counting the indexes within each speech text, pattern in U.S. Official literature will be discovered.
Thus, U.S. utilizes human rights as an instrument for achieving its goals and containing its adversaries. The findings of this paper show that following 11th Septemer, some issues such as war, security, and terrorism play more prominent role in promoting U.S. foreign policy, involving U.S. policy on human rights. In other word, U.S. advances its Security-oriented foreign policy whitin a human-rights context.

Most studies on banking and monetary law represent the existence of problem facing central bank' economic and political independence. Thus, this research asks these questions: What are damages that law can impose on Political and economic independence of the Iranian central Bank? What is successful countrie's experience in this regard? Can they be applied to Iran? To which extent?
In order to answer above questions, having examined some successful countries and extracting success factors from their laws, a group of intellectuals and experts in the banking system were invited to accertain which factor (in terms of laws) has functioned as a damage in banking and monetary law and can be considered during domestic.
Formulation. The finding show that we can draw on most factors to give more independence to banking and monetary law.

Iran is seen as a country that historically faces internal structural challenges through which suffers non-conformity with structure of global economic system. In addition, for decades it has confronted sanction-based policies by west. Thus, it faces necessities regarding economic development and developmentalist foreign policy.
In this framework, this paper aims to examine factors that make it necessary to apply economic diplomacy and its imperatives and how to apply it. Core claim is that, on the one hand, recovering national power and deterrening threats make it necessary to apply economic diplomacy in Iran's foreign policy, and on the other hand, internal structural challenges place strategic imperatives as starting point in the agenda of economic diplomacy. The imperatives contribute to promote a gradual synery between Iran's national economy and international economics at the short to medium term.

The Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has created widespread developments in the sphere of international relations in which its critical topics and concepts such as power, security, sovereignty, culture, development, and diplomacy have experienced considerable changes. In parallel with advance of ICT, the nature of diplomacy has changed and new trends, actors, and tools of diplomacy has emerged so that new forms of diplomacy including media diplomacy, new public diplomacy, cyber diplomacy, and science and technology diplomacy have appeared. conceptual and formational developments on diplomacy have caused its function and agenda to change simultaneously in which the traditional functions have been challenged. Drawing on the conceptual framework of ICT and diplomacy, this study seeks to find a reliable answer to this main question; in the new era, what is the impact of ICT on the concept and forms of diplomacy and how has it changed the traditional function? The findings show that the ICT in the new era has provided spaces for conceptual and formational evolution of diplomacy through networking, cyber spaces and Media; diplomacy’s traditional function and agenda have been challenged and nowadays diplomacy is not just limited to peacemaking or preventing war; new types of topics such as terrorism, religious radicalism, environmental challenges, internet management, persuading public opinions to line up with given policies, nuclear disarmament, and preventing structural violence determine new diplomacy’s agenda.

The approach of development blocks have a coevolutionary attitude towards development of economic sectors. This analysis, used more particularly in Scandinavian countries, is a good tool for advancing analysis and policymaking on technology and industry development in the middle part of the economy and for explaining the relationships between different sectors and industries.
By understanding these relationships and the mutual long-term impact of the various sectors of the economy, policymakers would be able to identify the impact of strategic decisions in various industries. This, in turn, will lead to improved decision-making. Iran's central position as a bridge between three old and important Continent has caused policymakers to increasingly focus on the transportation industry as a strategic industry in economic and security development. thus, using coevolutionary approach of development blocks, this paper aims ro analyse and explore the impact of the development of transportation industry on the development of other economic sectors.
In doing so, the paper uses national accounts data from 1338 to 1391. In this paper, the authers intend to calculate the amount and coefficient of developmental relationship between these sectors and transportation industry, and using analysis of statistic data from national accounts related to 12 main economic sectors, to design a coevolutionary model of transportation industry with other economic sectors.

Strengthening I.R. Iran's parliamentary diplomacy requires redefining and reforming some policymaking structures and processes in Islamic Consultative Assembly.
In the meanwhile, incompatibility between official and parliamentary diplomacy, commission on national security and foreign policy's limited role in diplomatic activities, lack of documentary and registered experiences on parliamentary diplomacy, newly-elected MP's unfamiliarity with parliamentary diplomacy, academic weakness on parliamentary diplomacy, underdevelopment of party system and parliamentary fractions, lack of a position titled by vice-speaker on international affairs in Islamic Consultative Assembly's organizational structure, lack of evaluative mechanism on performance of Islamic Consultative Assembly in parliamentary unions, and lack of a consistent charter on parliamentary friendship groups are among challenges for strengthening I.R. Iran's parliamentary diplomacy.
In this framework, the paper seeks at first to examine obstacles for strengthening I.R. Iran's parliamentary diplomacy, and then to propose some practical solutions in this regard.