نشریه دانش کشاورزی و تولید پایدار
سال بیست و ششم شماره 4 (زمستان 1395)

This study was carried out to study the effect of biopriming using Trichoderma hamatum and Enterobacter sp. as plant growth promoting on some morphological characteristics and grain yield (GY) of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. ‘Milan’). A field experiment was conducted in a split factorial arrengment based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Sari (Soteh village) during 2014-2015. Three levels of triple super phosphate (TSP; zero, 50 and 100 kg.ha-1) were applied as the main plot and both fungal (inoculation with Trichoderma hamatum and uninoculated as control) and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) inoculations (inoculation with Enterobacter sp. and uninoculated as control), were served as the sub-plots. The results indicate a positive effect of both fungal and PSB inoculations on the most studied traits of wheat. Enterobacter sp. increased GY by 19, 7, and 26% when used with zero, 50 and 100 kg.ha-1 of TSP, respectively. In addition, Trichoderma hamatum increased GY and biological yield (BY) by 13 and 10%, respectively, as compared to the control conditions. Enterobacter sp. inoculation along with Trichoderma hamatum enhanced the values of all studied triats such as panicle length (4%), GY (21%) and (10%) as compared to the control. Therefore, these environmental friendly microorganisms can be used as an effective seed inoculants to improve grain yield of wheat and to decrease over application of P fertilizers and also could be useful tools for soil productivity, particularly when were used along with TSP as compared to the application of TSP alone.

The effect of chemical and biological fertilizer treatments on intercropping of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) evaluated in factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with 15 treatments and three replications at the Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz in 2014. The first factor was including five cropping systems including monoculture of faba bean, monoculture of cumin; three replacement intercropping patterns including row intercropping of faba bean with cumin (1 row faba bean-1 row cumin); strip intercropping as 2 rows faba bean-2 row cumin and 4 rows faba bean-4 rows cumin. The second factor was three levels of fertilizers including 100% chemical fertilizer (50 kg.ha-1 urea힝 kg.ha-1 triple superphosphate), 50% chemical fertilizer biofertilizer (Azoto barvar Barvar 2) and Vermicompost (10 ton.ha-1). Results showed that the highest faba bean leaf number was devoted to the 100% chemical fertilizer. The highest values for faba bean yield components were observed in 1:1 intercropping pattern. The highest land equivalent ratio and relative yield total at all fertilizer levels was devoted to 1-1 row intercropping. Also at 2:2 strip intercropping pattern the Vermicompost fertilizer had the highest land equivalent ratio (1.35). The highest relative value total was obtained in 1:1 row intercropping pattern with application of 100% chemical fertilizer that indicates the economic advantage of this planting pattern.

Root initiation can be influenced by microbial inoculation and microbial auxin. Auxin production is known as one of plant growth promoting characteristics of bacteria. This hormone has main role in root-initiation. Thus, in a factorial experiment the ability of some bacterial isolates (25 isolates) were assessed in in-vitro condition. Results showed that auxin-production by the isolates in NF medium containing 0 and 100 mg.kg-1 of tryptophan varied from 0.75-2.28 mg.l-1 The highest and lowest amount of auxin were measured by Az-3 and Az-48, respectively. Furthermore, in order to study the effect of isolates inoculation on root initiation and general growth of corn, a completely randomized design experiment were carried out. In the whole period of experiment all nutrient solution were added to the pots via Hogland solution, since the sterile sand or inert medium were used as the bed of pot culture. Maximum volume of roots were observed in the isolates Az-13 and Az-73 by the volume of 47.67 and 38.67 cm3 respectively, whereas Az-8 had the highest root dry matter. Maximum total dry weight was gained by isolate Az-48. Nutrient analysis in dry tissue of corn showed that Az-48 had highest uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and iron with the value of 80.66, 10.85, 241.2 and 4.67 mg.pot-1 Our results showed that although Az-48 had lowest auxin-production ability in in-vitro assay but in pot culture it was very efficient and it seems that other mechanisms play the role in this increment.

In order to examine the effects ofdifferent intensities of input on seed yield and yield components of bean varieties an experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in National Bean Research Station at Khomeyn. Treatments were different intensities of inputs; including ecological, integrated, low-input, medium-input and high-input comprising the main-treatments and different bean varieties (navy bean cv. Dorsa, kidney bean cv.Ks-31169 and pinto bean cv. Sadri) as sub-treatments. Different inputs intensities included frequency of tillage operations and various amounts of fertilizer, pesticides, seeds and irrigation. High-input and ecological systems had the least and the highest tillage operations with 2 and 7 tillages, respectively. Nutrients in low-, medium- and high-input were supplied by chemical fertilizer, in ecological system by manure and in combination of manure and chemical fertilizer. Control of pest and weed in high-input were conducted by chemical methods, in integrated, low- and medium-input system by combination of chemical and physical methods and in ecological system by physical method. The greatest quantity of stem length and diameter, and seed number was observed in high-input of navy bean, while the greatest pod number and length, and seed length obtained in integrated production system of navy bean. The highest diameter of pod and seed, biological yield and harvest index, however, was observed in integrated production system of pinto bean and the highest seed weight obtained in high-input production system. Integrated production system of pinto bean had 53% higher biological yield, 26% higher harvest index and integrated production system of navy bean had 53% higher seed weight over the low-input production system of navy bean. This result suggest that bean production under integrated systems addition to acceptable yield save application of inputs.

This experiment was conducted in a split plot design in order to evaluate the effect of three ecotypes of alfalfa inoculated with Sinorhizobium meliloti strains resistant to salinity on yield and yield components in the East Azarbaigan agricultural research and natural resources center during the years 2011-2014. Three strains of Sinorhizobium meliloti were the main factor that selected based on the in-vitro salt tolerance testing and greenhouse evaluation. Three ecotypes of alfalfa including Garayonje, Hamedani and Malekkandy were subploted. Selected strains of rhizobium inoculated with three ecotypes of alfalfaseed and cultivated in a soil with EC= 7.3 dS.m-1 and their effects were investigated on the number of stem per square meter, plant height and fresh and dry matter yield. The results showed that, interaction between rhizobia strains and alfalfa ecotypes was meaningful on the number of stem per square meter, fresh and dry forage yield. The highest number of stems per square meter (377) achieved with non inoculated Malekkandy ecotype. The highest dry matter achieved by Hamadani ecotype that inoculated with the strain No. 7 and Malekkandy ecotype inoculated with strains No. 10 and 5, that these strains produced forage 5.52, 5.05 and 5.02 tons per hectare, respectively. The results show that rhizobium strains that have well symbiosis with alfalfa ecotype may have better plant growth and increase feed production, maintaining soil fertility and achieve sustainability in agriculture in areas with salinity strsses.

Evaluation of drought effects on some physiological traits relevant to drought tolerance, seed and oil yields, yield components and recognizing tolerant oilseed rape genotypes were the goals of research. The experiment was conducted as split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in East Azarbaijan Research and Education Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources during 2015.The experimental factors were drought stress with three levels: non-stressed and drought stress from flowering and pod formation stages and genotype in 5 levels: RGS003, Zafar, Sarigol, Zarfam and Dalgan. Occurring drought from flowering and pod formation stages led to significant increase in leaf temperature and significant decrease in leaf relative water content, stomatal conductance, pods per plant, 1000 seeds weight, seed and oil yields. But the effects of drought from flowering stage were too hard. In case of water resources limitation, irrigation during flowering stage will be more important than pod formation stage. The existence of significantly negative correlation among leaf temperatures and significantly positive correlations among leaf relative water content, stomatal conductance with the pods per plant, 1000 seeds weight, seed and oil yields showed that, these traits can indicate drought effects on spring oilseed rape. Also the existence of significantly positive correlations among the pods per plant and 1000 seeds weight with seed and oil yields, showed that, drought reduced yields via decreasing these components. All of studied genotypes indicated similar performance under non-stressed condition. But under drought conditions, RGS003 indicated higher seed and oil yields.

The effect of different seedbed preparation on potato yield, were studied in Agricultural Research Center of Semnan (Shahrood) in 2007-2009 periods. A RCBD based strip-block experiment with 4 replications was used, that horizontal factor included tillage methods as 1-Moldboard plowing, 2-Disk plowing, 3-fall chisel plowing and 4-spring chisel plowing and vertical factor included three potato cultivars (Agria, Deraga and Sante).Results of combined analysis (2007and 2009) showed, crop yield differences among tillage methods were significant, Maximum of tuber yield per hectare was related to spring chisel plowing (31.1t.ha-1).Soil inversion percent was significant among tillage treatments. Maximum and minimum of soil inversion percent was related to Moldboard plough (72/25%) and chisel plough (39.5%), respectively. Soil organic carbon was significant treatments among tillage methods. Maximum and minimum of Soil organic carbon was belonged to chisel (0.45%) and moldboard (0.28%) plowing, respectively. Regard to crop yield and chisel plough advantages, moldboard plough can be replaced with chisel plough.

Two separate experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of some pre and post -harvest treatments on growth characteristics of Calendula officinalis. The first experiment as RCBD with three replication studied the effects of organic fertilizers as vermicompost, cow and poultry manure with control plus soil cover (plastic white and black). Organic manure application 髩 had positive effects on flower fresh weight. The greatest amount for chlorophyll b content was recorded in vermicompost black plastic cover. In the second experiment, the effects of nutrition with organic manure 늈 cover and post-harvest flower drying temperature (natural drying in shade condition and oven drying at 40 and 60 0C) as a factorial based on RCBD were evaluated. The highest methanolic extract amount and total anthocyanin content were recorded with vermicompost black cover natural drying. For essential oil content and carotenoids gross amount poultry manure black cover and drying at 60 0C was the preferred treatments. The highest recorded data for total flavonoids was traced in vermicompot and cow manure with white cover at natural drying condition. For total phenolics content, cow manure black cover at 40 0C used for drying was selected as the treatment of choice. Also, vermicompost black mulch and natural drying were nice treatment combinations for the highest total phenolics content. In total, all the treatment applied i.e. organic manures, soil covers and drying methods at varying levels and combinations had suitable effectiveness on the growth characteristics and phytochemicals content of Calendula officinalis.

The effect of mycorrhiza, vermicompost and nanofertilizer on yield and yield components of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.), studied at research farm of Mianeh Branch, Islamic Azad University in 2014. A split-plot factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Three levels of vermicompost (0, 10 and 20 ton.ha-1) allocated in main plots and two levels of mycorrhiza (nonapplication and application) and foliar spray of three levels of nano micro-full chelate fertilizer (0 0/00, 2 0/00 and 4 0/00) allocated to subplots. The results indicated that vermicompost and interaction of vermicompost and nanofertilizer had significant effect on fruit weight, total dry weight, seed weight per fruit, number of seed per fruit, seed yield, fruit yield and fruit diameter. Also effects of nanofertilizer and interaction of vermicompost, mycorrhiza and nanofertilizer on fruit weight, fruit diameter and fruit yield was significant. The Maximum seed yield (418.84 kg.ha-1) and fruit yield (25552.30 kg.ha-1) were obtained from V2N2 and V2M0N1 treatments, respectively. The Minimum seed yield (145.17 kg.ha-1) andfruit yield (1870.17 kg.ha-1) were belonged to V0 and V0M0N0 treatments, respectively. Therefore, consumption of 20 t.ha-1 vermicompost with spraying nanofertilizer is suggested to obtain acceptable yield in pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.).

The application of chemical fertilizers and investigating the effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and humic acid on morpho-physiological parameters of basil, studied by factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications at experimental farm of Shahid Chamran University in 2015. First factor was 6 types of fertilizer treatments (control, Azetobarvar1, Phosphatebarvar2, combination of biological fertilizers, chemical fertilizer, combination of biological fertilizers爗ꚉ욥 fertilizer (50%)) and second factor included humic acid (0 and 20 kg.ha-1). Morphological (plant height, leaf number and leaf area, fresh and dry weights of aerial parts) and physiological traits (chlorophyll a, b, total, carotenoid, net photosynthesis rate (Pn), transpiration rate (E), water use efficiency (WUE) and radiation use efficiency (RUE)) were measured at onset of flowering stage. The result showed that interaction between biofertilizer and humic acid on plant height, leaf area, fresh and dry weights of aerial parts, chlorophyll total, Pn and QY was significant. Also, the simple effect of biofertilizer leads to a significant increase in leaf number, chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoid. In often parameters, combination of biological fertilizers爗ꚉ욥 fertilizer (50%)蛩 acid caused significant increase in compare with control but did not show significant difference with chemical fertilizer and combination of biological fertilizers爗ꚉ욥 fertilizer (50%)蛩 acid. The application of biological fertilizers can be consider as a suitable way to replace part of chemical fertilizers.

Potassium is an essential macronutrient for plants that plays many important roles in the plant growth and development as well as in the quality of crops. In this study the effect of five bacterial strains belong to Pseudomonas genus including S6-6, S10-3, S14-3, S19-1 and S21-1 were assessed on the growth and K uptake by tomato plant in the non-sterile soil with low available potassium (less than 200 mg.kg-1). The experiment was conducted factorial based on CRD with three replications. The first factor consisted of bacterial inoculum (5 strains and control) and the second factor consisted of three levels of potassium fertilizer, 0 kg.ha-1, 50% (150 kg.ha-1) and 100% of the recommended amount (300 kg.ha-1), respectively. The results showed that maximum amount of wet and dry weight was gained at 50% of K fertilizer, while with application of K (300 kg.ha-1) fertilizer it was decreased. The main effects of bacteria were significant on yield, chlorophyll index, content of K, the concentration of P, Fe, Zn, Mg and Ca. The highest amount of wet and dry weight of shoot was obtained with S6-6 (54.76 g.pot-1 and 7.76 g.pot-1). The highest amount of root dry weight was measured with S14-3 (1.2 g.pot-1), S19-1 (1.17 g.pot-1) and S21-1 (1.16 g.pot-1). From the nutritional view of point two isolates, S21-1 and S14-3 were better than the other isolates. The highest concentration of shoot P, Fe and concentration of root Mg and P belonged to the S21-1. The highest concentration of shoot Mg and P was by the S14-3. All the bacterial strains at 50% level of K fertilizer (150 kg.ha-1) had better yield and maximum wet and dry weight of shoot was measured with strain S6-6 (62.066 g.pot-1 and 9.203 g.pot-1) at 150 kg.ha-1 level of K fertilizer.

Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is one of the most important medicinal plants that its essential oil utilized in different medicinal industries. In order to investigate the effect of nitrogen and iron nutrients on morphological characteristics and essential oil content and yield of Sweet Basil, this research was performed in agricultural research farm of the University of Zanjan. The experiment conducted based on randomized complete block design in factorial arrangements with three replications. Factors include four levels of nitrogen (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg.ha-1) as urea and iron in three levels (0, 2 and 4 g.L-1) as nano iron chelate. Results showed that nitrogen and iron applications significantly influenced on number of lateral branches, number of nodes, plant height, fresh and dry weight, essential oil content and total essential oil production. The highest content of essential oil (i.e. 0.84%) was recorded in 2 g.L-1 iron followed by the combination of 2 g.L-1 iron plus 180 kg.ha-1 nitrogen (i.e. 0.79%) compared to 0.51% essential oil in control treatment. The highest fresh and dry weight, and total essential oil production was recorded in 2 g.L-1 iron in combination with 180 kg.ha-1 nitrogen. In this treatment the total essential oil production (13.6 kg.ha-1) was reached to almost twice of the control (7.1 kg.ha-1). Collectively the results showed that the best treatment for highest vegetative growth leading to high fresh and dry weight and essential oil production achieved in 2 g.L-1 iron in combination with 180 kg.ha-1 nitrogen.

In Iran, conservation agriculture (CA) has become a national strategy for the agricultural sector to decrease soil erosion, combat the emerging water crisis, and to reduce the high cost associated with conventional agricultural production. The objective of this article was to identify the barriers which prevent the development of CA in Iran. The statistical population of the study was members of CA technical and technology committee, CA-based applied research and delivery hubs and CA executive experts from 9 leading provinces in the field of conservation agriculture that a sample of 264 experts was selected through purposive sampling method. The survey instrument was a questionnaire that designed based on the result of literature review and interviews with CA experts. The validity of the questionnaire was approved by a panel of experts. Additionally, Cronbach alpha reliability coefficients of the pilot study assessment were used to refine the questions for the final questionnaire (α= 0.90). According to results of EFA, the most Important barriers to CA development were low coordination between organizations, low knowledge of related factors, inappropriate subsidies policy, low fertility of soils and slight economic efficiency of products in the first years of the conservation agriculture.

Water, soil, Vegetation and other natural resources, will be sustainable and useable permanently when they use scientifically and consciously. If the resources are used irregularly, this action will cause to stop renewing resources and they will be mortal. In current study, we used fuzzy goal programming for determining of optimal cropping pattern which emphasizes sustainability of natural resources and environment. For this purpose, four fuzzy goals include profit maximization; irrigation water minimization, fertilizers minimization and pesticides minimization were considered in four scenarios. Requirement data were collected by questionnaire and from Kerman province Jihad Keshavarzi documents. Four optimal cropping patterns were represented by considering different weights for goals. Results illustrated in those scenarios that natural resource conservation and production sustainability have priority, the activities that need require less water, fertilizers and pesticides are more into the cropping pattern. On the contrary, in that scenario that profit maximization has the most weight, the cropping pattern limited to watermelon and potato activities. Because have the highest profit in hectare, although use the most water. Therefore, considering natural resources and environmental sustainability approaches are effective on optimal cropping pattern determination.