نشریه طلوع بهداشت
سال پانزدهم شماره 5 (پیاپی 59، آذر و دی 1395)

Food-borne bacterial diseases in many parts of the world, cause problems in public health and induce economic loss. The consumption of a raw or semi-cooked livers on the basis of incorrect traditionally customs and false beliefs are common in Iran which leading to transmission of the infectious agents such as bacteria in this way. The aim of this study is to evaluate the bacterial contamination in livers were sold in retail, in butchers of Yazd city in 2014.
In this cross-sectional study, sixty liver samples were collected randomly from butchers of yazd city. Samples were examined for total bacterial counts, counting the number of E. coli (by standard most probable number (MPN) technique) and the number of fecal streptococci and the presence or absence of Salmonella. Data were analyzed by using SPSS software version 18 and descriptive statistics.
The results showed that total of the 60 sample (100%) were contaminated with E. coli, and 4 samples (6.67%) were contaminated with faecal streptococci and 4 samples (6.67%) were also contaminated with salmonella.
Because of Enteric Bacterial Contamination of raw or semi-cooked retail liver and consumption of these products by people, it is necessary to pay more attention to hygiene principles at all stages of slaughtering, distributing, transporting and selling of the product for preventing food -borne illness.

Solid waste management is one of the biggest environmental challenges facing the world today due to the increasing population and urbanization, and use of earthworms has been receiving considerable attention in recent years for waste disposal and convert its into useful materials .The aim of the study was produced vermicompost from bagasse and kitchen waste.
In this experimental was prepared the bagasse and kitchen waste treatment in three replication (a total of 9 units Laboratory). parameters such as pH , total carbon , total nitrogen , phosphorous and potassium was measured for 60 day.
In the end, pH did not change as compared to the initial level and trend. The results showed decreased in total carbon, total nitrogen , C/N and increased , phosphorous and potassium .the highest phosphorous and potassium content obtained 1:2 ratio.
In the vermicomposting process, the best of mixture bagasse with kitchen waste was observed in 1:2 ratio and superior to other treatment.

benzene, toluene , ethyl benzene and xylene (BTEX) such as volatile organic compounds and air pollutants are important that have similar chemical and physical properties. The compounds in solvents, petrochemicals and colors plentiful and are released and even in small amounts as well as the risks to industry employees and the surrounding residential areas along their industry (50 meters radius around). The purpose of this study was to determine the amount of these pollutants in ambient air car paint workshops, as well as residential areas around the city of Yazd.
In this study, environmental air from air painting workshops Yazd city cars in winter 1394 and residential areas surrounding air workshop by Tedlar bags and personal sampling pump were collected and using gas chromatography (GC / FID) analysis and evaluation of data were then with statistical software SPSS-16 were analyzed.
The results showed that the average concentration and standard deviation of pollutants benzene, toluene , ethyl benzene and xylene in the ambient air painting workshops are (2/14 ± 0/73) , (4/09 ± 1/97), (1/08 ± 0/290) and (3/05 ± 1/00) ppm and the average concentration and standard deviation of pollutants benzene, toluene , ethyl benzene and xylene in the surrounding air workshops (50 meters radius around) in Yazd city car are (0/960 ± 0/202 ) , (1/50 ± 0/409) , (0/613 ± 0/420) and (1/38 ± 0/452) ppm.
The concentration of benzene in the air of car painting workshops is several times higher than the standard limit expressed by the Office of Environmental Health Risk Assessment health Vocational and Technical Committee (0/5 ppm) and the average concentration of pollutants in the air of 50 meters radius around the workshop is more than the permitted standard while concentrations of toluene , ethyl benzene and xylene are less than the limit.

prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men, accordingly the aim of this study was to determine the extent of the impact of education on prostate cancer-related behaviors in male city of Yazd is based on the health belief model.
this study was an experimental study of an intervention-that the population it consists of men over 40 years of Yazd, which is one of the first degree relatives they have had prostate cancer. The sample size of each group is based on a formula 40 people recovered and then score related to the attitude and awareness and performance of individuals sampled before training and then 3 months later obtained from intervention on the basis of a questionnaire SPSS18 software and t-student test and chi-square was investigated.
The mean age of the participants in the experimental group 54.55±8.33 and the average age of the participants in the control group 55.02±8.69,.Knowledge of the test and control groups before and after the intervention were expressed on the basis of differences in knowledge scores in the first stage ( pre- intervention ) in both experimental and control groups was not significant .In the second phase ( post- intervention ) and control groups was significant difference between the mean score of knowledge(p=0.000).
The study suggests that by raising awareness among people over 40 years can be better and more effective prevention practices applied in society.

Aflatoxins are toxic metabolites produced by certain fungi in/on foods and feeds. The damage they do to DNA can be mutagenic, and also carcinogenic with liver cancer. The aim of this study was to The effect of education on knowledge, attitude & practice of women referred to health centers of Yazd on moldy food contaminated with aflatoxin.
This study was a cross sectional-descriptive study that was done in 2014. One hundred and fifty - two women were selected among women who were referred to health centers of Yazd. The Sampling was conducted in multi stages. The data was collected by a researcher-developed questionnaire. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire have been confirmed by content validity, face validity and equivalent reliability. The collected data was analyzed by SPSS20.
107 (70%) of the patients studied to the poor knowledge of aflatoxins and Only 6.2% of them were relatively good knowledge. The performance levels were a 38 (25%), good performance, 108 (1/71%), moderate performance and 6 (9/3%) had poor performance. 0.25%, 74.3% and 0.7% Participant to the hazards food contaminated with aflatoxins were moldy and positive, average and negative attitude, respectively.
Based on our findings, Poor knowledge of participants to aflatoxin, and the average of the attitudes and performance of most of the participants. Is necessary to provide strategies to increase public awareness in order to increase the level of attitude and function and reduce exposure to aflatoxin.

Population growth, urban development due to the migration to the cities and the increasing demand are of the component that influences on volume of water available. therefore water conservation in cities, espically in yazd is very important.
This research as a cross-sectional study was conducted on high consumption households. Sampling was carried out to cluster method and in two stages, finally 188 questionnaires by SPSS statistical software (T-test, Mann-Whitney) were analyzed.
Average and SD of knowledge scores 60.04 ± 15.5, the attitude 22.28 ± 3.97 and the practice was 11.6 ± 3.63. This study showed that there is a statistically significant association between total knowledge with job and sex. The results of factor analysis indicated that the category of "other parts of the house(cooler, washing automobiles,devices of reducer water consumption, etc)," the highest and category of "causes of water loss at house (washing yard, water leak from pipes, non-closure water faucet when brushing your teeth, etc.)" had the lowest contribution in the states of total knowledge. There isn’t any statistically significant association between the attitudes and practice of households in all the variables.
The results showed that studied households have relatively good level of practice than the water conservation behaviors. However, intervention efforts to promote these behaviors to a higher level, is important and necessary.

Puberty is of high importance and physical, psychological and social changes occurs in the period.This period has great impact onadult life and also the futureand given rise to conflict between parents and children and the role of parents, especially mothers in this period due to build healthy families in our country's founding figures of children, this study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and behavior about psychological changes during puberty and its association with the relationships between girls and their mothers were studied.
In this descriptive study , 161highschool studentsin the first period(n = 74 in seventh gradeand n = 87 in thirdgrade ) in Zanjan city, selected by the M ulti -stage samplingof the sixhighschool in the first period(secondary school) enrolledin this study. Bycollectingdata onknowledge,attitude and practice of questionnairecontaining18 knowledge questionsand20 attitude itemsand20 questionsaboutthefunctional, andby collectingdata onrelationship betweenmother anddaughter of a standard questionnaire PCRS containing 24 questionsto assess child-parent relationship , but studentscompleted.Datacollectedby SPSS-18 softwareandANOVAtests,regression and correlation , and thesignificance levelα = 0.05 wasanalyzed .
The mean age of maternalage38.17±5.36 years and the average age of students was13.19 ±0.72 years. The mean scores of mother's knowledge about nonphysical changes of puberty 9.58± 3.48 out of 18 score and the mean attitude score 64.81± 8.84 out of 100 score and the mean score of their practice, 57.4 ± 5.82 out of 80score was thatthe score of the three were in the moderate range. Average score of mother-child relationship during puberty was 20/44 out of 28 score that was in the range of a moderate relationship.Mother-child relationship and the attitude and practice were correlated.mother's attitude and practice were correlated.
Many of mothershad knowledgeabout thematurity ofmiddle and lowerlevel and more of them had positiveattitude and a moderateyield in practice andmaintain goodrelationshipwithherteenage childrenwere.Relationship between thechildand the motherwith mother' attitude and practicecorrelated . Itis recommended for mothersto raise awarenessand createa positive attitudeand good performanceintheprovision ofappropriatetraining programs willbe affective .

During the recent years, significant demographic changes have occurred in the world. One of the most important changes has been an unprecedented decline in fertility in all regions of the world. Parallel to these changes, the Islamic Republic of Iran has experienced extensive changes, So that during the last three decades, the fertility rate in Iran has fallen astonishingly. The aim of this study was to interpret the views of Khuzestani men and women with one child about childbearing. This study tries to answer the question concerned with factors influencing the tendency to childbearing in Khuzestan province.
Participants in the study included 35 male and female people aged from 45 to 15 years old. They were purposefully selected from health centers in East and West of Ahvaz in 1393-94. The obtained data were analyzed using Thematic Analysis.
Two main classes of factors that drive the couples to childbearing (ethnicity, parent's self-esteem, a sense of being productive) and the ones that prevent couples from childbearing (economic, parental occupation, parental responsibility and diseases) are presented.
The results of this research show the experiences of couples about childbearing. Strengthening the factors that drive the couples to childbearing and also removing barriers to this phenomenon provide the basis for education and a way to step in line with the new policy to encourage population and couples in their childbearing.

Organizational intelligence has been defined as the capacity of an organization to direct its mental abilities and use these capabilities to achieve its mission and agility means ability to react quickly to environmental changes and it is an important factor for hospital effectiveness. This study was aimed to Evaluate Organizational Intelligence and Organizational learning and Organizational Agility in Teaching Hospitals of Yazd City.
this descriptive, analytical, cross-sectional study was conducted in 2015 .the study population included administrative and medical staff in Shahid Sadoughi,, Shahid Rahnemoon,, Afshar and burning hospital. A total of 370 administrative and medical staff were contributed in the study. We used stratified-random method for sampling. The required data were gathered using 3 valid questionnaires including Albrecht- Organizational Intelligence (2002), organizational learning (neefe2001) and organizational agility questionnaire according to theory Sharifi & Zhang (1999) . data was analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistical methods in SPSS18 .
mean Organizational Intelligence scores hospital was 2.29, organizational learning scores hospital was 1.48 and organizational agility scores hospital was 1.52. as well as , hospital variable and Education affect on Organizational Intelligence, organizational learning and organizational agility.
Based on the findings it can be concluded that the implementation of appropriate strategies for improving the organizational capacity to direct its employees’ mental abilities, can also improve the ability of organization’s rapid response to surrounding issues which is crucial for its survival and dynamics in today’s changing world.

The purpose of this research was the effect of spiritual intelligence instruction on increasing spiritual intelligence’s Maybod adult handicaps in 2014. 28 female and male (7 men and 21 women) adult handicaps participated in this research which was as done pretest quasi – experimental – intervention studing with control group. These people were chosen as purposeful sampling and set in two experimental and control group in equal numbers. After fulfilling pretest, two group were compared by T test and after ensuring of absence of significant difference between two group, In ten session (90 minutes), the experimental group were been taught spiritual intelligence and the control group didn’t have any teaching. Befor and after session, these two groups were been complete Abdollahzade spiritual intelligence test. The analysis of data did on one way covariance statistical analysis. The results showed the experimental group got significantly high scores in regard to control group of general spiritual intelligence, the underestsnding of the relation to universe sourceand spiritual life in emphasis of internal core. Regarding to findings, it results the spiritual intelligence instruction can on increase spiritual intelligence of handicaps.

Emergency medical services are a crucial component in the treatment of critically ill patients. A common principle in pre-hospital emergency services is defined as a target “8 minutes or less response time of advanced life support for people in life-threatening events”. Therefore this research is aimed to evaluate on performance of pre-hospital emergency stations in Yazd, based on essential time for attending at patient's bedside.
The present study is analytic descriptive conducted cross-sectional. Method of collecting data based on census and its analyzing method had been qualitative. According to Likert, performance is considered excellent with action less than 8 minutes, good with action by 8 minutes, and weak higher than 8 minutes.
according to the results, the best average performance time (In 1392 among stations of Yazd) belong to 4th District station with 8.58 minutes and the weakest time to 6th District station with 12.01 minutes. The average of performance of Yazd emergency medical services at urban missions had been 9.84 minutes. Findings show that the highest average time activity recorded on winter that was 10.2 minutes and lowest average time activity was recorded on summer which was 9.47 minutes. Also results show even though the number of missions in the summer were higher than the winter, but the mortality rate were less in contrast.
By comparing the obtained information from the research results, the impact of mission duration on mortality rate reduction has turned out. Also according to the sensitivity of pre-hospital emergency, the necessity of attention to urban missions’ timeframe in Yazd emergency service is another conclusion that this is achieved by authorities supervisory and provision of requirements and adequate facilities.

Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the world. Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) is one of the most common cause of mortality causes in Iran. The purpose of this study is survey of the transition rates between heart disease stages and the effect of metabolic syndrome hazard on these transition rates by using a multi-state Markov model.
457 patients with heart disease which had admitted to the coronary care unit of Yazd hospitals in 2001 and 2002 were enrolled in the study and they were examined from their disease until 2006.
Estimated transition intensities suggest that in five years a patient in normal state with 26% probability will have symptomatic disease, with 11% probability will have advanced disease or with 24% probability be dead. Metabolic syndrome with HR=1.0598 indicates that the hazard of onset rate of heart disease for a person who is normally increases 6% and hazard of death for this person increases at the rate of 38% (HR=1.3778).
When there are several outcomes, use of multi-state Markov model is recommended.

The role of inappropriate thoughts in preventing an access to desirable level of oral health in society seems to be undeniable. Therefore, this study intends to investigate the patients’ attitude referred to health centers of Yazd in regard with inappropriate beliefs about dentistry in 2012.
In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 300 patients referred to oral health centers of Yazd were selected via a two-stage cluster random sampling method. In order to obtain data, a questionnaire was used which its validity was substantiated by a team of specialists and its reliability was confirmed utilizing re-testing via the correlation coefficient of 95%. The questionnaire consisted of two parts: the first part involved the demographic information and the second part entailed the most common beliefs about dentistry. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS ver.16, applying ANOVA, T-test, turkey test and Pearson correlation coefficient.
The average score of attitude was 2.87 ±0.63 out of 5. Half of the patients (50%) revealed a moderate attitude towards dental care and only 14.7% had a high level of attitude. The mean score of inappropriate beliefs demonstrated no significant statistical difference between males and females (P.Value=0.363), though there was a significant relationship among age, education level and career with inappropriate beliefs (P.value= 0.001).
The study results revealed that the level of inappropriate beliefs about dentistry was in moderate level in the studied society, which such beliefs belonged to half of the population. Therefore, in order to reach appropriate results regarding oral health, enhancing the knowledge level of individuals seems to be necessitated prior to any planning for health education and preventive cares.

Some heavy metals are toxic at low concentrations and can create free radicals that damage the cell. Essential oils have antioxidant properties and can chelate some toxic elements And prevent of bioaccumulation of these elements .
TBARS assay and ICP-OES have used for evaluating of oxidative stress and measurement of bioaccumulation of lead in liver and muscle of quail, respectively. All measurements were carried out in triplicate and data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0 for Windows.
The results of this research in 21 and 35 days showed that mean concentration of MDA in liver and muscle of lead group was higher than others and this difference was significant. The measurement of lead in liver and muscle in 21 day were not detected by ICP-OES. In 35 days the bioaccumulation of lead in liver and muscle (µg/g) was higher than other groups and this difference was significant.
The results showed that the clove essential oil is effective in reducing of malondialdehyde concentrations (mg / kg) and reduces the bioaccumulation of lead in liver and muscles of quail.

It is clear that customer's loyalty is one of the main factors which influences on the success of organizations. Therefore, all productive and serving organizations should investigate the factors having influence on such criterion and present them to the managers. Regarding the mediating role of trust and mental imagination of the customers, this article focuses on investigating the effect of social responsibility of training hospitals on the loyalty of patients in Yazd city.
This is a descriptive, correlation-casual study in which 384 persons were selected as the sample data was gathered by use of a questionnaire. The achieved Cronbach's alpha was more than7%. Finally, data was analyzed by use of Pearson's correlation coefficient. Moreover, the relationship between the variables was investigated using SPSS and Amos software.
Due to the findings, it became clear that most of the answerers were male employees among whom 45% were at the ages of 41 to 50. At statistic part, it became clear that there is a meaningful relationship between the all variables.
Results show that factors loyalty and mental imagination are positively influenced by social responsibility. Furthermore, mental imagination influences positively on trust and social responsibility has indirect effect on it. Moreover, results show that there is a direct relationship between factors social responsibility and loyalty of the clients.

oil in water emulsions has attracted considerable food industry due to their physical characteristics. But there is a considerable amount of cholesterol in some of them, such as cream and it was a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and are created compounds in the effect of cholesterol oxidation during processing or food storage compounds that are known as carcinogenic agents, cytotoxic, mutagenic and atherogenic. The purpose of this study is the production of cream mixed with cholesterol and lower prices and greater nutritional value than dairy cream.
Three different formulations of the mixture cream (A, B, C), soy milk, cow's milk, water soluble emulsifier, xanthan, calcium chloride, light cream milk, sunflower oil and emulsifier Sytrum was taken in proportions appropriate. The Pearson correlation was used to assess the relationship between amounts of fat, protein with water. Sensory evaluation of the cream mixture samples was conducted by using a 9-point Hedonic scale. They were used rank Kruskal-Wallis test Due to the response variables. They were used the specific test of multiple comparisons DAN for compare the two groups. They were also used descriptive statistics as mean and standard deviation and were performed data analysis by using R 2.3 software.
the Pearson correlation coefficient between fat and.16 volume (increase volume) is equal to 45% and p-value B (p The results of this study showed that the use of soy milk made ​​from soy flour, although somewhat affecting flavor and creamy mixed water but while increasing the nutritional properties can be formulated with other ingredients to create the perfect texture.