پژوهشنامه خراسان بزرگ
پیاپی 21 (زمستان 1394)

The cultural scope of Toos is as big as Kashafrūd Basin, an area around seventeen thousand kilometers in size that has been located between two mountain ranges of HezārMasjed and Bināluūd in Khorasan-e Razavi Province. Its natural strategic situation and fertile land made it culturally, historically and politically a very important and influential placefrom the ancient times onwards. For the same reason, it attracted numerous tribes and ethnic groups and armies. Accordingly, Toos has witnessed multitudes of events through history such as amicable conquest of Toos by the Islamic troops. In the same occasion, Toos functioned as a gate for advent of Islam and entrance of Arabs in the northeastern of Iran and its neighboring regions. As a result, it can be considered as an important part of a cultural-historical geography and an integral part of a prominent region in the course of conquest of the Greater Khorasan. Through this hypothesis, “Sanāabād” was, at the time of emergence of Islam, the political center and residence of the ruling class of Toos region, and towns of “Nowghān” and “Tābarān” were built after the Islamic troops have come there. Other towns of Toos region such as “Rādkān” and “Pāzh” Village that have been occupied from the Sasanian period, survived till the Islamic Middle Ages. But some places and defensive structures like “Shahr-e Kharāb Castle” and “Ghahghaheh Castle” were gradually deserted a while after they have been built by the Islamic troops. Regarding ambiguities in the historical texts, the present article briefly tries, through field archeological data, to provide some answers to the following main questions of the research: What was the status of Toos at the time of the Islamic conquest? What was the status of living places? What kind of pattern was employed for settlement? How were the cities and villages of Toos formed from the beginning to the Seljukid Period? What did the cities function? And finally and as much as possible, this paper attempts to answer and provide an archeological analysis on how much Toos region contributed in the historical-cultural changes of the above-mentioned time especially its status and role in transmission of the Sasanian culture and civilization to the Islamic period.

Nishaboor discursive space analysis and scrutinizing main of Fadl ibn Shazan focusing on theological and juridical disputes during first half of the third century (9th century) necessitates to comprehend Nishaboor political environment and scholars’ intentions. Regarding differences and contradictions of scholar’s idea in this issue, it is necessary to expound the roots of this diversity and inconsistency which resulted various judgments and evolutions. This Research using Laclau and Mouffe's discourse analysis concluded that the Nishaboor relatively intellectual open space which dominated over religious thought and controversies provided competent and compatible situation for Fadl ibn Shazan to explain his shi’te views and spread them in this city, initiating was flowered by this discursive space.

Islamic mysticism and Sufism one of the significant issues of social and cultural studies Sistan and Khorasan in the early centuries of Islam. This intellectual and social movement since the beginning of the first century, by asceticism and escape from worldly pleasures began in the Muslim world and in the next century Yafth¬Tr organization in East Iran, and many fans had obtained. Several factors such as the presence of Hassan Basri and his followers, Sufi Kramyh, Malamatia and in the development of mystical thought was effective in Sistan and Khorasan. In this article, it is up to the style library, Information and historical data collection and analytical method to investigate the causes of the spread of mysticism in Sistan and mutual influence on each other mystics and Sufis al-Sistani and Khorasani be addressed. Mysticism and Sufism in the third and fourth centuries achievements have positive and beneficial for local people to have And the religious fanaticism among the Khawarij and Sunni Hanafi and Shafei, murder and Gharthay with it in the past was due to the decrease.

Prehistoric rock art forms the largest body of evidence available to us with regard to the artistic, cognitive, and cultural roots of humans. Fortunately, archeological studies on rock art is becoming more coherent in Iran and, thus far, they have led to the discovery of new facets of the prehistoric, historic, and Islamic cultures in Iran. Therefore, the study of rock art in the east of Iran can reveal valuable information pertaining to the formation, evolution, and application of rock art, from which the researchers of all three historical periods as well as specialists of history of art may benefit. In a broad-scale research project in 2013, rock carvings of South Khorasan province were examined and studied by a team from Birjand University headed by Hamid Reza Ghorbani. The present project will provided brief introductions and descriptions of rock carvings of South Khorasan province. This research is conducted using the descriptive-analytic method, and filed- and desk- studies are employed for gathering data. Findings of the research encompass 749 figures and carvings in the petroglyph style including depictions of humans, animals, plants, symbols, tools, and objects as well as inscriptions. The figures studied in this research pertain to all three historical periods: prehistoric, historic, and Islamic. Finally, some of the findings are comparable to existing samples from the same region –eastern Iran– such as rock carvings from Jorbat and Dasht-e Toos –north of Khorasan– and Lakh-e Mazaar –south of Khorasan.

Territorial expansion of Russian government began from Iran Northern Territory of Iran since the beginning of the 13th century Ah/19th BC .Russians followed territorial expansion in the northern territory by Akhal treaty .Akhal Treaty was signed in 22th Moharram 1299A/H. or 14th December 1889 between Saeed Khan Motamen Al Mulk ,Iranians Foreign Minister, and Ivan Zinoviev ,Minister of Russia, in Iran. Based on Akhal Treaty they extend Russia s southern borders to Iranians lately borders; but the determination and precise delimitation of boundary lines between the two countries remained unresolved up to 1333. One of the important points that allocate more than seven decades of relations between Iran and Russia, respectively, was the determinant of Firuza issue which was important from geo-political situation, military and water resources. Despite of geopolitical importance of Firuza village several military agreements, conventions, treaties with the village theme were signed between Iran and Russia. The owning of the village was hand to hand superficial and alternately but actually the Firuza village after Akhal treaty was never occupied by Iran. This study is tries to consider the process of separation of Firuza village from Iran in library and documentary search then the possible causes of the economic, political and military consequences beside military and crowed results are investigated.

Tepe Hissar, the prehistoric site located just south of Dāmḡān in northeastern Persia, is one of the first important Iranian archeological sites ever been excavated. Since Schmidt's excavations in 1940s, a many archeological hypotheses and premises have been advanced suggesting different points concerning historic periods (prehistoric and historic) in archeology of Persia, specifically the central plateau and North East Persia. This study mainly investigates the relationship between this settlement and Bactria-Margiana Archeological Complex (BMAC). Tepe Hissar is repeatedly referred to as the origin of Bactria-Margiana culture or introduced as the settlement where people departed to Bactria or Margina to found BMAC. This study is written with the purpose of exploring and studying the similarities between the discoveries made at Tepe Hissar, specifically those concerning Period IIIC, and the objects and results produced in studies on BMAC. The results are later employed to explore the possible link between the two settlements in Middle and Late Bronze ages (2300-1500 BC). In addition to providing a methodical understanding of the basis and reasons for such a link, this study evaluates the hypothesis suggesting Tepe Hissar as the origin of BMAC.

Cheshtiyeh, connected to Chesht Sheikh (suge), is the name of a Suffism dynasty. Chesht is a region in Herat, Khorasan. The founder of this dynasty is Khaje Abu Ahmad Abdal Cheshti (born in A.H.260). The family tree of Cheshtiyeh dynasty is related to Imam Baqer, Hazrate Ali and Prophet Muhammad, through Ibrahim Adham. The followers of this suffism dynesty follow Hanifi sect. Cheshtiyeh played an important role in reviving the cultural and social life first in Khorasan and then in India. The purpose of the current study is to examine the historical development, Cheshtiyeh from its inception to the end of its climax period. To achieve this, descriptive, analytical and field procedures were used. Specifically, the current research is aimd at answering the following question: What is the role of Cheshtiyeh in social, cultural and political developments of Islamic world particulary Khorasan and India, and how Cheshtiyeh was affected by those development? The research hypothesis is that Cheshtiyeh Sufism played an important role in spreading Islamic- Iranian culture and civilization in the Islamic world especially in India. Moreover, Cheshtiyeh Sufism was greatly influenced by the cultural context of India.