نشریه اسناد بهارستان
پیاپی 7 (پاییز و زمستان 1394)

The first official parties were created in conjunction with the second term of the National Parliament. With the formation of the second National Parliament the activities of the parties took formal aspects. In the House four parties, namely Democrats, moderates, progress and unity and progressive were active. All of these four parties showed a different performance and this factor, along with the ambiguity of their role in the political structure, makes them select different ways for their electoral campaign. Efforts through legislation, influencing cabinet and seizing power in the executive force were among the method that parties have adopted to achieve their aims. Although political parties in the second Parliament have been analyzed in scientific researchs, but till now, in order to explain the formation and functioning of the Unity and Progress party, no effort has been made.

The beginning of the contemporary political history of France should be considered the year 1789 or, in other words, the beginning of the Great Revolution of the country. This event was in fact in order to limit the absolute power and to find a replacement for the constitutional system in France. After the revolution of 1799, a period of turbulent republicanism and parliamentarism began in France. Since then, the five different presidential republics have come into existence and each of them has brought different changes in the French constitution and in the role of parliament based on the political system. The first French Republic began in 1799 and continued till 1804. The second Republic began in 1848 with the resignation of Louis Philippe and continued until 1851. The third Republic of 1870 began, following the war between France and Germany and after the collapse of the second Empire, ending in 1940, with the occupation of France by the German army. The fourth Republic was born after the end of the French occupation in 1944 and continued till 1958 with the creation of the fifth Republic by General de Gaulle. Since the beginning of the Great French Revolution to the present time, the country has witnessed the existence of 15 Constitutions and 20 legal regimes. During this time, the real confrontation of two currents of thought, the defenders of the parliamentary system and the fans of authoritarian political system have played a determining role in France. The Republican lawmakers are looking to transition to a parliamentary and a democratic system. Considering these factors, we can say that during the rule of the French-style parliamentary, the left was supporting the parliamentary system and the right has defended the central government. Confrontation between these two polar opposites leads often to tension between the followers of these two points of view. The climax of this situation, during the third Republic, which coincided with the first World War, caused a kind of political instability in the country. Parliament's role in the third Republic and its related factors will be discussed in this article.

Investigating the political life of the representatives in national legislative council and their thought and perspectives towards parliament system in Persia and the role of parliament in political life of Persian society are among the topics that have to be more considered. National legislative council, during its political life, had many representatives in political space and the thoughts of some of them could highly help the role of council in political life of Persian society. The representatives had a prominent role in enhancing the goals of council by their comments about government, international policy, economic topics like oil and customs, cultural environment like education in society. Abd al Rahman Faramarzi, journalist, politician and lawyer of court that was the representative of 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th and 20th periods of Parliament and was the founder of Keyhan newspaper by the help of Dr. Mesbahzade can be cited among the prominent representatives in Iranian parliament institute in the above mentioned years. This article aims to analyze the important role and look of Faramarzi in national legislative council using valid historical sources, particularly details of negotiations of national legislative council. The article shows that how an energetic representative with political and social knowledge, entered to the council from various voting areas, could be effective in promoting the level of legislative assembly.

In political literature, the recess period is the interval between dissolution of an assembly and rise of the next assembly. In Iran’s legislation history from 1906 to 1963, five periods of recess happened. In this paper, we call the interval between assembly dissolution within May 1961 to September 1963 as the fifth period of recess. Hence, investigating the role of king’s legislative actions in the absence of national legislative council (1961-1963) and the appearance process of revolutionary Islam discourse during fifth recess time, are the main goals of this paper. The question raised in this regard is that how did the articulated signs of Shah’s white revolution in the absence of national legislative council threat religious thinking borders in the society such that resulted in the appearance of revolutionary Islam discourse? To answer this question, it is tried, by investigating the influence of six-fold acts of white revolution on society, to test this hypothesis that six-fold principles of this revolution in the absence of the council and political competitors like the Tude Party and National Front threated the religious borders in the society; the issue that finally led to revolutionary Islam discourse against the discourse of governing kingdom and its tendency to obtain power to preserve itself.
Keywords: recess, the White Revolution, women, Shah, Imam Khomeini, Sultanism, the discourse of revolutionary Islam.

Hegemonic and exclusivist presence and activity of foreign banks in Persia, especially British kingdom banks and Russia loan banks continued up to constitutional revolution. The presence of the above mentioned banks in Iran was realized by the continuous and increasing competition of Russia and England in Iran’s economic and political areas. After the victory of constitutional revolution, the first representatives tried to end up the presence of foreign banks in Persia by establishing a Persian bank, but all their attempts failed because of the interventions by Russia and England. By the appearance of Russia revolution in October 1917, the coup in Iran in 1920 and the decrease of foreign pressures on Persian government, new conditions were provided for the establishment of Iranian bank. The establishment of Sepah Bank was a great step that prepared the bases for establishing Iran’s Melli Bank. Since national legislative council had prominent role in the process of establishing the National Bank (Melli Bank), this paper tried to discuss the attempts of national legislative court in the success of establishing Persian National Bank and in this regard, it criticizes and investigates the reaction and performance of national legislative council to foreign banks in Iran by emphasizing on the establishment of National Bank and reliance on the negotiations of national legislative council.

The importance and value of electoral laws and its influence on the process of the formation of political institutes and political behavior and nature of people in long-term is completely clear. Thus, the method of encoding, enacting and implementing the mentioned rules had essential role in the formation and type of the activities of political parties, groups and flows in a society. These factors are also among the most important ones that direct political life of a country. Meanwhile, some electoral rules get higher importance and value by many reasons than other similar rules. The level of the effectiveness of the rules and proposing new topics on them are among the factors that help their excellence. The process of proposing, compiling and enacting of the third electoral rules of Persia began in January 1909 and continued until October 1910. These processes are among the specific rules in Iran’s electoral legislation. About the different dimensions of third electoral rules, lots of important and essential subjects and issues can be proposed and analyzed, but with regard to the existing limitations, this paper addresses the way of distributing electoral rights in the country in terms of the laws. In this regard, the issues of total number of representatives, collective selection, methods of selection of electoral districts in the states and cities, and religious minorities are briefly considered into account.

The issue of establishing national legislative council election was one of the most important and challenging issues of the governments in constitutional era and Pahlavi governance, during all 24 periods of the council. The elections were happening in non-democratic space, with many interventions of the implementation’s agents of elections, together with illiteracy, weakness and unawareness of Iranian people about election and duties of representatives. When Dr. Mosaddegh got the power, by the companionship of a wide range of Iranian people, regarding to the government and the importance of oil issue, Mosaddegh’s government and its supporters, that were always against establishing elections with previous statutory regulations, continued implementing the 17th election of the Parliament by the previous regulations. By approaching the implementation of this election, many political groups, being in opposition with Mosaddegh’s reforming plans, began to oppose this election. The court of the Shah and the Tude Party were among the most important oppositions. These groups, having various kinds of newspapers, in the free political space that Mosaddegh established in his governance, proceeded publishing their plans and thoughts against election establishment. In this paper, it has been tried to address the prominent thoughts and the reasons of Mosaddegh’s oppositions to oppose election establishment in this period, by descriptive and analytic method and using archival sources of that period, we also aim to analyze the approach of the political organizations in Persia, regarding the above mentioned issue, in that important period of contemporary Persian history.