Journal of Ophthalmic and Vision Research
Volume:12 Issue: 1, Jan-Mar 2017

To report the chorioretinal coloboma, and its association with increased risk of retinal detachment (RD) and choroidal neovascularization (CNV).
This retrospective case series included eyes with chorioretinal coloboma diagnosed between 1995 and 2014 with a focus on RD and CNV as related complications. Cases of CNV were managed with laser photocoagulation or intravitreal injection of bevacizumab. For eyes with CNV, therapeutic success was defined as resolution of the subretinal hemorrhage on fundus examination and resolution of the subretinal and intraretinal fluid on optical coherence tomography (OCT). For eyes with RD, anatomic success following surgical intervention was defined as attachment of the retina at the last follow‑up visit.
Fifty‑one eyes of 31 patients with chorioretinal coloboma were identified for review. Bilateral chorioretinal coloboma was present in 64.5% of subjects. RD developed in 15 eyes (29.4%). Among 15 eyes with RD, 4 eyes (27%) had retinal breaks identified within the coloboma, 5 eyes (33%) had retinal breaks outside the coloboma, 2 eyes (13%) showed retinal breaks both inside and outside the coloboma, and in 4 eyes (27%) the causative retinal break was not localized. The overall rate of anatomic success after RD repair was 85.7%. CNV developed in 7 eyes (13.7%) and was located along the margin of the coloboma in all cases. CNV was bilateral in 2 of the 5 affected individuals (40%).
RD and CNV were present in a high percentage of eyes with chorioretinal coloboma in these series. The frequent finding of retinal breaks outside the coloboma bed suggests that vitreoretinal interface abnormalities may play a role in development of RD in these eyes.

To compare the efficacy and side effects of loteprednol versus fluorometholone after myopic photorefractive keratectomy (PRK).
One hundred and twenty four eyes of 62 patients who underwent PRK were enrolled in this study. One eye of each subject was randomized to receive loteprednol 0.5% and the fellow eye was given fluorometholone 0.1%. Patients were followed up for three months.
There was no significant difference in uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), manifest refraction, corneal haze, intraocular pressure (IOP), and ocular discomfort and redness between groups at the final visit. At 3 months postoperatively, 20/25 or better UDVA was achieved in 95% of the loteprednol group and 92% of the fluorometholone group (P > 0.05). There was neither visually significant corneal haze nor ocular hypertension (IOP rise > 10 mmHg or IOP > 21 mmHg) in any group.
The efficacy and side effects of loteprednol 0.5% and fluorometholone 0.1% after myopic PRK are comparable.

To report impression cytology (IC) results of clinically diagnosed ocular surface melanocytic lesions.
Ten patients with a clinical diagnosis of an ocular surface melanocytic lesion underwent IC using cellulose acetate strips and Periodic acid Schiff‑Papanicolaou staining. Excisional biopsy of lesions was performed in case of observing atypical cells on IC or at the patient’s request, and excised specimens were subjected to histopathological analysis. Agreement between clinical diagnoses and IC results and between IC results and histopathology were evaluated.
Clinical diagnoses were nevi in 6, primary acquired melanosis (PAM) with atypia/melanoma in 2, and atypical nevus versus pigmented conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in 2 cases. IC results were suggestive of a benign nevus in 7, PAM with atypia/melanoma in 2 and CIN versus an atypical epithelioid type melanocytic lesion in 1 case. IC results were consistent with the clinical diagnoses in 9 cases (Cohen’s kappa index of 0.83) and excluded CIN in 1. Histopathology in 6 cases disclosed benign melanonevus in 3, malignant melanoma in the context of PAM with atypia in 2, and CIN in 1 case. Histologic results were well correlated with the IC features (Cohen’s kappa index of 0.74).
By demonstrating typical cytomorphological features of ocular superficial layers IC diagnosed the true nature of melanocytic ocular surface lesions in the majority of cases. Although IC does not substitute histopathology, given the high correlation between IC results and histopathology, it can be of great assistance in diagnosis and management of ocular surface melanocytic lesions.

To compare the anterior segment indices measured by two Scheimpflug camera machines; Galilei and Pentacam.
In this observational case series, the anterior segment indices of myopic healthy subjects seeking for refractive surgery were measured by Pentacam and Galilei on the same day. Analyzed parameters were anterior and posterior best fit spheres (BFS), axial curvature, true corneal power, central corneal thickness (CCT), anterior chamber (AC) depth, AC volume, AC angle, and pupil diameter.
This study included 176 eyes of 88 participants. Mean radius of the anterior BFS was 7.79 ± 0.34 mm versus 7.75 ± 0.39 mm measured by Pentacam and Galilei, respectively (r = 0.877, P There was a significant correlation between the Pentacam and Galilei in all measured parameters except AC angle, AC volume, and average pupil diameter.

To assess the respective involvement of retina versus choroid in presumed ocular tuberculosis (POT) in a non‑endemic area using dual fluorescein (FA) and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA).
We retrospectively analyzed cases diagnosed with POT at the Centre for Ophthalmic Specialized Care, Lausanne, Switzerland. Angiography signs were quantified using an established dual FA and ICGA scoring system for uveitis.
Out of 1739 uveitis patients visited from 1995 to 2014, 53 (3%) were diagnosed with POT; of whom 28 patients (54 eyes) had sufficient data available to be included in this study. Of 54 affected eyes, 39 showed predominant choroidal involvement, 14 showed predominant retinal involvement and one had equal retinal and choroidal scores. Mean angiographic score was 6.97 ± 5.08 for the retina versus 13.48 ± 7.06 for the choroid (P These results represent the first report of the respective contributions of retinal and choroidal involvement in POT. Choroidal involvement was more common, for which ICGA is the preferred examination. In cases of compatible uveitis with positive results of an interferon‑gamma release assay, particularly in a region that is non‑endemic for TB, dual FA and ICGA should be performed to help establish the diagnosis of ocular tuberculosis and improve follow‑up.

To report the preliminary results of femtosecond laser‑assisted cataract surgery in Iranian patients.
This prospective case series included 21 eyes of 21 patients with cataract. Mean patient age was 66.7 ± 10 years. The patients underwent femtosecond‑laser assisted cataract surgery (VICTUS Femtosecond Laser Platform: Bausch Lomb) and intraocular lens (IOL) implementation in Bina Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran between May and October, 2014. Visual outcomes, intraocular pressure (IOP), and complications were evaluated three months after surgery.
Mean preoperative best‑spectacle corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) was 0.40 ± 0.21 logMAR which significantly improved to 0.02 ± 0.03 logMAR three months postoperatively (P Femtosecond laser‑assisted cataract surgery is a relatively new method of cataract surgery. Our preliminary results indicate an acceptable visual outcome with no serious complications. However, this technique is lengthier and more expensive than conventional phacoemulsification.

To investigate the effect of intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) injection on macular edema (ME) secondary to Behcet’s disease.
This prospective case series included 15 patients with bilateral ME due to Behcet’s disease. Intravitreal bevacizumab was injected into the more severely involved eye; the contralateral eye was evaluated as the control. Patients were followed up with comprehensive ocular examination, optical coherence tomography, and fluorescein angiography (FA) for a minimum of 6 months by a single ophthalmologist.
Patients with a mean age of 30.6 ± 7.4 years received a mean number of 3.3 IVB injections during the 6 months. The mean preinjection vision was 0.6 ± 0.3 and 0.4 ± 0.4 LogMAR in the case and control groups, respectively, with no significant improvement at 6 months. Mean central foveal thickness was 375.3 ± 132.1 and 307.2 ± 84.5 µm in the case and control groups, respectively, and these changed to 401 ± 199.9 (P = 0.65) and 307.7 ± 82.8 µm (P = 0.73) at month 6, respectively. A statistically nonsignificant improvement in ME was observed during the first 3 months in the case group. However, it did not persist up to month 6 on an as‑needed basis. IVB injections caused a disproportionate decrease in the thickness of macular subfields. A reduction in disc leakage was observed on FA (P = 0.058). Logistic regression analysis revealed no statistically significant predictive factor for an improvement in visual acuity (VA) and a reduction in foveal thickness.
During a 6‑month period, IVB injections based on an as‑needed protocol provided no statistically significant improvement in VA and ME.

To evaluate the correlation between visual field index (VFI) and both structural and functional measures of the optic disc in primary open angle glaucoma patients and suspects.
In this retrospective study, 162 glaucoma patients and suspects underwent standard automated perimetry (SAP), retinography, and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) measurement. The optic disc was stratified according to the vertical cup/disc ratio (C/D) and sorted by the disc damage likelihood scale (DDLS). RNFL was measured with the optical coherence tomography. The VFI perimetry was correlated with the mean deviation (MD) and pattern standard deviation (PSD) obtained by SAP, and structural parameters by Pearson’s correlation coefficients.
VFI displayed strong correlation with MD (R = 0.959) and PSD (R = −0.744). The linear correlations between VFI and structural measures including C/D (R = −0.179, P = 0.012), DDLS (R = −0.214, P = 0.006), and RNFL (R = 0.416, P VFI showed a strong correlation with MD and PSD but demonstrated a weak correlation with structural measures. It can possibly be used as a marker for functional impairment severity in patients with glaucoma.

To examine the safety of a single intravitreal injection of autologous bone Marrow Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in patients with advanced retinitis pigmentosa (RP).
A prospective, phase I, nonrandomized, open‑label study was conducted on 3 eyes of 3 volunteers with advanced RP. Visual acuity, slit‑lamp examination, fundus examination, optical coherence tomography, fundus auto‑fluorescence, fluorescein angiography and multifocal electroretinography were performed before and after an intravitreal injection of approximately one‑million MSCs. The patients were followed for one year. Further evaluation of MSCs was performed by injection of these cells into the mouse vitreous cavity.
No, adverse events were observed in eyes of 2 out of 3 patients after transplantation of MSCs. These patients reported improvements in perception of the light after two weeks, which lasted for 3 months. However, severe fibrous tissue proliferation was observed in the vitreous cavity and retrolental space of the third patient’s eye, which led to tractional retinal detachment (TRD), iris neovascularization and formation of mature cataract. Injection of this patient’s MSCs into the vitreous cavity of mice also resulted in fibrosis; however, intravitreal injections of the two other patients’ cells into the mouse vitreous did not generate any fibrous tissue.
Intravitreal injection of autologous bone marrow MSCs into patients’ eyes with advanced RP does not meet safety standards. Major side effects of this therapy can include fibrosis and TRD. We propose thorough evaluation of MSCs prior to transplantation by intravitreal injection in the laboratory animals.

To develop clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for prevention, diagnosis, treatment and follow‑up of ocular injuries caused by exposure to mustard gas.
The clinical questions were designed by the guideline team. Websites and databases including National Guidelines Clearinghouse, National Institute for Clinical Excellence, Cochrane, and PubMed were searched to find related CPGs and explore possible answers to the clinical questions. Since there were no relevant CPGs in the literature, related articles in Persian and English languages were extracted. Each article along with its level of evidence was summarized. Additionally, hand search was performed by looking the reference list of each article. Consequently, recommendations were developed considering the clinical benefits and side effects of each therapeutic modality. The recommendations were re‑evaluated in terms of customization criteria. All recommendations along with the related evidence were scored from 1 to 9 by experts from all medical universities of Iran. The level of agreement among the experts was evaluated by analyzing the given scores.
The agreement was achieved for all recommendations. The experts suggested a number of minor modifications which were applied to the recommendations. Finally, CPGs were developed with 98 recommendations under three major domains including prevention of injury, diagnosis and management of the acute and delayed‑onset mustard gas ocular injuries.
Considering the lack of CPGs for the prevention, diagnosis, and management of mustard gas‑induced keratitis, these recommendations would be useful to prevent the serious ocular complications of mustard gas and standardize eye care services to the affected individuals.

The cornea is the most commonly transplanted tissue in the body. Although corneal grafts generally have high success rates, transplantation onto inflamed and vascularized host beds, or so-called high-risk corneal transplantation, has a high rate of graft rejection. The management of this high-risk corneal transplantation is challenging and involves numerous measures. One of the key measures to prevent graft rejection in these cases is the use of systemic immunosuppressive agents. In this article, we will review the systemic immunosuppressive agents most commonly used for high-risk corneal transplantation, which include corticosteroids, cysclosporine A, tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and rapamycin. Benefits, risks, and published data on the use of these medications for high-risk corneal transplantation will be detailed. We will also summarize novel immunoregulatory approaches that may be used to prevent graft rejection in high-risk corneal transplantation.

Giant retinal tears (GRTs) are full‑thickness circumferential tears of more than 90 degrees of the retina that are associated with vitreous detachment. They are related to ocular trauma, high myopia, aphakia, pseudophakia, genetic mutations involving collagen and young age. GRTs comprise 1.5% of all rhegmatogenous retinal detachments and the average age of incidence is 42 years. GRTs are more common in males, as 72% of all cases occur in males. The incidence of GRTs in the general population is estimated to be 0.05 per 100,000 individuals. Common techniques used in the management of GRTs include fluid‑air exchange, pneumatic retinopexy, scleral buckling, primary vitrectomy with gas or silicone oil tamponade, and combined scleral buckle‑vitrectomies. However, management of GRTs poses a great challenge to physicians due to the high risk of intra‑ and post‑operative complications and the many technical difficulties involved. The advent of perfluorocarbon liquids (PFCL) and the use of micro‑incisional surgery for the treatment of GRTs has provided new opportunities for the management of GTRs. Today, retinal reattachment can be achieved in 94‑100% of cases.

Different diseases of the optic disc may be caused by or lead to abnormal vasculature at the optic nerve head. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a novel technology that provides high resolution mapping of the retinal and optic disc vessels. Recent studies have shown the ability of OCTA to visualize vascular abnormalities in different optic neuropathies. In addition, quantified OCTA measurements were found promising for differentiating optic neuropathies from healthy eyes.

To highlight the role of constructive interference steady state (CISS) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the diagnosis of Tolosa‑Hunt Syndrome (THS). Case Report: We describe a case of THS in a 55‑year‑old woman presenting with left painful opthalmoplegia that was diagnosed by CISS MRI. Patient responded to steroid treatment and the lesion resolved. Imaging with MRI can help in making the diagnosis of THS by demonstrating an enhancing soft tissue lesion in the cavernous sinus and orbital apex resolving with steroids. CISS MRI is a sensitive sequence for diagnosis and follow‑up imaging in THS.

To present a case of deep orbital dermoid cyst with emphasis on clinical presentation, imaging spectrum, differential diagnosis and management.
Case Report: A 28‑year‑old female was referred to our hospital with chief complaint of drooping of right eyelid and progressive headache. Ocular motility, visual acuity and fundus examination were normal. computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a well‑defined, intraosseous deep orbital dermoid cyst (5.9 mm × 12.5 mm) located near the apex of right orbit, extending from greater wing of sphenoid into the superior orbital fissure. Due to occulomotor nerve (superior and inferior divisions) compression which passes through the superior orbital fissure, ipsilateral headache and ptosis occurred. Complete surgical excision of cyst was performed using noninvasive extracranial lateral orbitotomy approach. After removal of the cyst, curette and cutting drill were used to thoroughly remove any residual cystic content. Histopathological analysis confirmed the diagnosis. The healing was uneventful postoperatively.
CT and MRI are easy, reliable, safe and effective imaging methods for establishing the diagnosis of orbital dermoid cyst. Size, location and manifestations are the most important determinants of the disease management. Complete surgical excision without rupture of the cyst is the treatment of choice.

To report a case of bilateral endogenous nocardial endophthalmitis with central nervous system involvement in an immunocompromised individual with an extremely poor outcome.
Case Report: A 35‑year‑old man with a history of long‑term, prescribed oral steroid use for membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis presented with profound bilateral vision loss. Patient’s diagnosis of bilateral endogenous nocardial endophthalmitis was delayed. Nocardia was finally isolated from a brain biopsy after a repeat magnetic resonance imaging revealed a brain abscess. With anti‑nocardia therapy, patient improved systemically, but the visual outcome was poor, with no light perception in both eyes.
Ocular nocardiosis is a serious vision and life threatening disorder, particularly in patients on immunosuppressive therapy. A high index of suspicion is required for successful treatment.

To report a case of choroidal effusion probably caused by angiotensin receptor II blocker.
Case Report: A 52‑year‑old man with aplastic anemia and high blood pressure who developed unilateral acute angle closure glaucoma after receiving oral cyclosporine and angiotensin II receptor blocker (losartan). Ophthalmic examination revealed visual acuity of 20/30 in the left eye, mild mydriasis, iris bombe, no anterior chamber reaction, mild conjunctival hyperemia, and the intraocular pressure of 30 mmHg. After laser YAG iridotomy, funduscopy was performed showing a choroidal circumscribed lesion at the inferotemporal quadrant. Diagnostic tests ruled out any inflammatory or malignancy process, and the choroidal lesion spontaneously disappeared. After 20 months of follow‑up, patient’s ocular remained stable.
This is the third case of choroidal effusion associated with angiotensin II receptor blockers. Since idiosyncratic ciliochoroidal effusion is a diagnosis of exclusion, it is mandatory to rule out more frequent causes, such as inflammatory or malignant processes.