مجله مطالعات ناتوانی
سال ششم شماره 1 (اسفند 1395)

Self-concept plays an important role in the academic achievement of elementary students with Learning Disabilities (LD).The purpose of this research is to study the compiled eeffectiveness of instruction based on multiple intelligences model on the self-concept and academic achievement of male Students with dyslexia. Research plan, quasi-experimental pretest-posttest control group with follow-up testing was used. The population of this research included all dyslexic male students in the fourth grade and fifth grade school at Qazvin city in the academic year 2013-14. Fourty dyslexic male students in Special Learning Disorders School were chosen and participated in random replacement method in experimental and control groups (each group, n=20). For Data collection the Tennessee's Self-Concept Scale and Abedi's multiple intelligences scale were used. Also, the academic achievement of students' mean scores and low scores were obtained by converting descriptive feedback. To analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistics (ANOVA with repeated measures) were used. The investigation of two groups in terms of mean in the self-concept and academic achievement as well as their academic development  through the tools used in the post-test and follow-up showed an increase in self-concept and academic achievement in the group after the intervention was based on multiple intelligences model (p<0.001). The results of this study, using a model based on multiple intelligences can be enhanced self-concept and academic achievement of students with dyslexia.

Today, cardiovascular diseases serve as the most important cause of death in the world. The disease, more than any other forms of disease, has caused mortality. Cardiovascular diseases formation process is an obvious example of the interaction of body and mind. The pattern of the disease has a bio-psycho-social model in which human beings are viewed as multidimensional creatures whose biological, social and psychological features act in an interactive system, which can have impact on each other. In such diseases the development of physical disorder stems from emotional issues and psychosocial problems. Among the structural factors affecting health and illness over the past decade, the resiliency and memory functioning, being relatively intertwined, have attracted the attention of many researchers. Hence doing research in this area seems necessary. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of personality resiliency and memory function in patients with heart problems. This study was retrospective (causal comparative). The population of the present study included all the cardiovascular patient's of Al-Zahra and Nimeshaban hospitals and healthy people included Farhangian and Adib Universities staff of Sari. A sample of 232 people which were 87 healthy subjects, 77 patients hospitalized for myocardial infarction and 68patients with myocardial diseases (stroke). The sampling methods and data used in this study were obtained through questionnaires. The subjects’ availability sampling method was used. Selection criteria for Patients were conducted by angiography test, diagnostic interviews and medical history as well as experts’ viewpoints. To assess the resilience in this study, the Connor and Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RIS) was used. The scale items were then analyzed using factorial analysis. Before extracting factors based on the matrix, the correlation between the items and the KMO index was 0.87 and Bartlett's test was significant. (P There is a significant difference (p The results of this study showed that resiliency feature is a distinctive feature of people with heart disease and normal subjects. Patients with heart diseases, due to lower score in resiliency, experience more stress and mental pressure in life. This reduces memory function in them. As a result, the focus will be directed toward adverse and stressful situations ultimately leading to a reduced accuracy.

Storytelling Therapy is a medium of communication between therapist and client. The communication is used as psychotherapy to influence the client to develop himself or herself in a way agreed upon between the therapist and client. Artfully practiced, Storytelling Therapy is difficult to be distinguished from ordinary conversation. More than a fireside chat, Storytelling Therapy draws upon the philosophy of diverse cultures and models of psychotherapy. This method synthesizes into an elegant psychotherapeutic procedure an interaction between client and therapist. This interaction evokes personal and psychological evolution within the client. The carefully crafted story activates the client's unconscious resources. Therapeutic gain is accomplished as the client identifies with the elements in the story and then embraces the desired outcomes. By virtue of this identification and the formation of healing internal visual and mental images, the client understands that things can work out for him or her. The present study aims at investigating the effectiveness of the fiction therapy strategy on decreasing spelling errors of students with spelling disorders in the first and second grades of primary schools in Yazd.
Material and In this study the testing procedure was used and the research population was all the students with spelling disorders in Yazd. After performing the diagnostic test (the Riven intelligence test for children and the Fallahchay’s spelling disorder test and the picture dictation test) by multi–stage cluster sampling, 20 female students with spelling disorders were selected randomly. Then, they were divided randomly into two groups, the experimental group and the control group. The examinees in experimental group were trained through fiction therapy strategy for 12 sessions (60 minutes for every session / twice a week), but the control group did not receive any intervention. The achieved data was analyzed by using the covariance statistical method and the chi–square method.
The data, by using analysis of variance with frequently measurement, were analyzed. The observed measurements analysis shows that there is difference between the two groups in the average pretest and posttest on the control and the follow-up, So that the number of spelling mistakes 11.22 (in the test) to number 4.11 (in the test) is reduced. (p

The exacerbation and growth of social problems and the increasing number of the welfare clients have made the traditional techniques inefficient to find the exact and specific information about the needy. Not having sufficient data about the families and their needs beside the lack of suitable categorization for future plans would make data analysis and implementation a matter of necessity. To fulfill this important need, Clustering techniques in data mining can be useful and helpful.
In terms of target this paper is practical and the method of research is descriptive-survey. The Standard Model of CRISP-DM is used to implement data mining. The social data of the supported individuals of the State Welfare Organization of Iran in Kurdestan from 1384 have been collected to group them and predict, recognize and satisfy their needs. The number of persons that we use their data are 4155.
By using the results, four clusters were achieved and cluster 2 was chosen as the optimal cluster. The priority goes to the residents Sanansaj, the disabled, the females, the uneducated, the marrieds, The number of a persons that are covered by the State Welfare Organization =1 . Furthermore with obtaining the association between attributes, we find that all of them are independents except sexual and education, The number of a persons that are covered by the State Welfare Organization and resident of city or village, resident of city or village and education.
According to the collected information, the State Welfare Organization should pay more attention to optimal cluster. This cluster includes Sanansaj, the disabled, the females, the uneducated, the marrieds, The number of a persons that are covered by the State Welfare Organization =1 .Optimal cluster is a cluster that have more clients. So it needs more attention from welfare organization. Furthermore after implementation of clustering method, new State Welfare Organization of Iran’s Clients can join to the clusters with their attributes and it can help the State Welfare Organization to analysis their needs.

The effective factors on marital adjustment include personal traits, situational factors and life events. However, the studies conducted so far have shown that different cognitive media affect and direct the marital relations framework. As cognitive media, early maladaptive schemas, introduced by Young, originate from the individual's life events and differentiation as a personal trait seems to be a good predictive for marital adjustment. On this account, this study aims at predicting the marital adjustment in pre-marriage counseling sessions by studying the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and differentiation with marital adjustment.
the research is a descriptive-analytic study with correlation plan. The population of the study included all married individuals in Tehran with an estimated sample of 400 people. Sampling was a multiphase and accessible method in a way that primarily 5 regions were randomly selected among 22 zones in Tehran following by a random selection of counseling clinics, schools and culture centers in this region. The questionnaire was then issued and handed to those qualified for the survey. The exclusion criterion from the survey was having remarriage/divorce history, drug abuse or being under psychosomatic treatments.
Spanier Marital adjustment questionnaire, Young's schema short form (third edition), differentiation of self inventory were the tools applied for this research. In order to analyze the data, correlation test, regression analysis and T-test were used.
The findings of the study showed that there is a significant but inverse relationship between all early maladaptive schemas with marital adjustment (p This research was carried out to find out the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and differentiation of self in The Married with marital adjustment. The findings of the research indicate and prove the relationship between these two variables and marital adjustment. The findings showed that formation of early maladaptive schemas during childhood and its consequent personal and behavioral structure in adulthood, affect the individual's adjustment in marital life. In this regard, schemas of shame and defect were proved to have the highest predictability potential for marital maladjustments. The inverse relation of three aspects of differentiation of self (except for "my status" aspect), with marital adjustment could mean that people with intimate and border free relations mingled with family members are more likely to fail in regulating and controlling their communicational and even emotional borders which consequently results in experiencing maladjustments in relations with their partner. Thus, early maladaptive schemas and differentiation of self can be applied in the prediction of marital adjustment.

In human being developmental process, normal development of sensory motor abilities are the main factors to adaptability, physically, social health and cognitive development. This normal skill has been bring the oportunity for human being for the ability to manipulation of environment typically by children. This abilities lead to increasing intellectual and inviromental adaptive capacity and sufficient interaction with peers and environment. The damages of development process, influence many abilities such as cognitive, emotions, physical, perception and interpersonal skills in the children as well, the developmental and intellectual disabilities, specific learning disabilities and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders are main neurodevelopmental disorders that have been researched by many related interdisciplinary team to identifying of causes, treatment, management training, parent and teacher education and how prevention and early intervention. The main aim of current research was to study the sensory motor skills impairment and its psychological consequences in children with intellectual and developmental disabilities attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder and specific learning disability. These three disorders are the high prevalence disorders in development process.
Materials: In this research with using review method and selecting papers and books from 1965-2013 in Medline, Scopus, ProQuest and Elsevier the information about the movement children with intellectual and developmental disabilities, attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder and specific learning disability were collected and systematically reviewed .
Birth of the neurodevelopmental disorders children has been major challenges to society, families as well, due to their cognitive, affective and behavioral deficits, in the same vein. Traumatic factors of development process have negative influence on the main psychological skills such as growth of sensory motor skills in children with intellectual and developmental disabilities, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and with specific learning disability and encounter them to social damage such as rejection by peers, poor self- concept, poor self-esteem and quality of life and educational problems.
regarding to importance of sensory motor abilities development in human being to reach and achieving of doing early life skills, Doing early intervention about sensory motor skills along with other intervention, is necessary for this children. To more effecting of intervention to managing of challenging behaviors and other inappropriate social behavior due to chronic condition cooperative of intradisiplonary research and team work are needed, early intervention such as basic concept training typically for intellectual and developmental disabilities a long with sensory motor skills (e.g. Fine and Gross motor skills) and interpersonal skills (e.g. conversion skills, find and keep of useful relation with peers) in children with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder a long with sensory perceptual skills and sensory motor abilities and special academic intervention for achievement of children with specific learning disability along with social supports typically in Iran can be useful to neurodevelopment groups.

Drug addiction is one of the most common social harms throughout the world and the country of Iran, in particular. The worst effect of addiction occurs when the head of family is afflicted. This phenomenon has a negative impact on the family, especially the afflicted person's wife. Many researches about addiction have been carried out in recent years. Their results revealed social, psychological and physical harms. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of “group counseling by cognitive-behavioral approach” on comparative strategies and assertiveness skills in the women with addicted spouse.
The research method is semi-experimental with pretest – posttest one as well as control group. The sample composed of 20 women who were 20-35 years old with poor education level and addicted husbands. These individuals were attending the drug addiction clinic in Gharchak Varamin center for the first time. These samples were chosen by simple sampling. Among all addiction centers, Gharchak Varamin center was selected randomly in order to conduct the study. Among the addicted spouses, twenty persons were selected randomly. The attending women were tested in two groups composed of 10 persons. The instruments applied were Lazaros and Folkman comparative strategies questionnaires and GambrilRichi assertiveness inventory. The selected sample completed these questionnaires. Ten cases of the samples were assigned as the examination group (N=10) and the others were kept in the control group (N=10) randomly. The examination group received ten counseling sessions. Two weeks later, the post-test was applied for two groups at the end of sessions.
Finding: covariance analysis results indicated that cognitive - behavioral group counseling has an effect on comparative strategies and assertiveness skills (p The obtained results revealed that cognitive-behavioral group counseling cause's comparative strategies to change in women with addicted spouse and while increasing their assertiveness skill. Cognitive- behavioral group counseling tries to develop life skills and increase the compatibility of a person with his/ her environment and its challenges. It makes person ready to deal with the others effectively. By conducting this research, it is clear that cognitive-behavioral group counseling approach can have a positive effect on increasing coping skills and assertiveness in women who have addicted spouses.

This research sets out with the aim of investigating the relation between state boredom and psychological burden of mothers with behavioral disorders of autistic children in the city of Isfahan.
Methodology of this research is descriptive and the type of the study is correlational. Statistical population included all children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) who visited autism centers of Isfahan during the year (2014). Moreover, the data sample consisted of 70 mothers with autistic children (i. e. children with ASD) aged 3-4 years that they were drawn from one form of accessible sampling and mothers of the autistic children were requested to fill out some Questionnaires. Ruther Children’s Behavior (for completion by parents) Questionnaire has been designed to identify children with behavioral problems. The questionnaire is completed by the child's mother and has special instructions. After explaining how the scoring, mother should review the questionnaire and taking into account the views and knowledge of the child's behavior, she fill the questionnaire about her child. Psychological burden evaluation questionnaire from the Zarit Caregiver Burden Scale (Zarit and colleague 2003) that the most common measurement tool to evaluate the perceived burden of care provided by home care is taken. The questionnaire included 220 questions about the psychological burden and of individual, social, emotional and financial pressure that will be completed by caregivers. Multidimensional State Boredom Scale (MSBS) is designed by Fahlman et al 2013 that the first and only full-scale measurement of boredom mode. Points earned by participants, who have suffered much mental boredom as estimates show that earn high scores on the questionnaire indicates more mental boredom. In order to investigate the relationship between variables, we use Pearson correlation statistical tools to determine the type and degree of relationship between one variable with other and Kendall's correlation coefficient is shown with the symbol w and it is a non-parametric test to determine the extent of coordination between comments. And also to check the power of prognostic of variables used stepwise regression. When the stepwise regression is used that a researcher has several independent variables and wants to show its effects on the dependent variable, and which variable can predict the dependent variable, what is the contribution of each variable and are able to predict how much in total together. We used SPSS for analysis the data.
The results of correlation coefficient showed that there exists a positively statistically significant relation between psychological burden and state boredom of mothers and children’s behavioral disorder with 0. 281 and 0. 285 respectively (p Drawing upon the results of this study using software, correlation illustrates it may be concluded significant relation exist between behavioral disorders of autistic children with the psychological burden and state boredom of their mothers and this in turn can exert considerable effect on establishing and continuation of a healthy emotional relationship between a child and his mother.

Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in communication and social interactions, as well as patterns of repetitive or restrictive behaviors and interests. Challenging behavior occurs at very high rates among individuals with Autism and is broadly defined as behavior that jeopardizes an individual or excludes them from community involvement. Common challenging behaviors that occur across the lifespan include self-stimulation and stereotypy, self-injury, noncompliance, physical aggression, and other destructive or disruptive behaviors. Challenging behaviors impede learning, social and adaptive skill acquisition, and may lead to extended hospital admissions or the use of physical or chemical restraints. A number of studies provide evidence for the use of behavioral and psychosocial interventions as a first line treatment for the core symptoms of Autism in children. This study examined the impact of psycho-social intervention on challenging behavior in children with high- functioning autism spectrum disorder.
Material an According to the objective of the study, a two-group experimental design with pretest-posttest was administered. The statistical population of research included 24 children with autistic spectrum disorder, aged 8-12 years old who were divided into two groups. First, the ASD was used to study the symptoms of autistic disorder in children and to determine the severity and number of autistic traits. Then, GARS check list was applied to evaluate the challenging behavior. Only the experimental group participated in the psycho-social intervention group training. The group training ran for both parents and children in 10 sessions each lasting for 60 minutes. Later on, the post-test was administered for both groups.
Group training objective summary: During these ten sessions, parents learned how to behave and control the challenging behavior in their children. First; they become familiar with ASD syndrome and types of challenging behavior in their children. As the sessions continued parents learned how to recode their children behaviors at home. During the sessions it was emphasized that parents need to control stress in their children behaviors. In psycho-social program, parents play an active role in controlling and training their children's behaviors.
In 10 sessions held for the children, at first we recorded their challenging behaviors, then with games predetermined, they became aware of their challenging behaviors. We used behavior techniques such as Reinforcement and punishment in correct potions. In the following stages, children learned how to regulate their emotion in relation to the environment.
The results showed that, the mean score for challenging behavior in experimental group was 34.58 (SD= 4.31) in pretest and was 24.50 (SD= 1.93) in posttest. Moreover, the mean score for social interaction in experimental group in pretest was 37.67 (SD= 4.33) and was 34.08 (SD= 4.12) in posttest. ANCOVA was used to compare the pretest and posttest results. A significant difference was observed between the two groups of this study in challenging behavior (f=21.04, P≤0.0001) and social interaction (f=5.08, P≤0.037).
Psycho-social intervention included both training sessions with parents and with their children. We used behavioral technique in training sessions with children. Previous reviews have supported the use of behavioral intervention for the reduction of challenging behaviors including self-injury, stereotype, and aggression. On the other hand, training self-management to children with autism spectrum disorder has a positive effect in reducing challenging behavior. Redirecting behavior involves the prompting of an alternative appropriate response contingent on occurrence of the target behavior. In our research we use the mechanism of redirecting behavior to reduce challenging behavior. Thus, we can conclude that in an intervention program that both parents and their children participate, following the taught techniques is useful to decrease challenging behavior.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of the Fordyce Happiness Model on marital satisfaction of mothers with educable mentally retarded son was performed in Iran-Andimeshk.
Material and In this study, the available sample is used; that is the first of the 30 mothers of these children were asked to participate on a voluntary basis for cooperation and after identifying the subjects, 15 subjects were randomly assigned to the experimental group and 15 patients were divided into a control group. After preparing the list of names of mothers of mentally retarded children, pick them randomly into two groups, experimental and control. Then purpose of the study was explained to them. Then Enrich marital satisfaction questionnaire as a pre-test was given to both groups and they were asked to express their opinion carefully. In the next stage of educational content by researchers by using cognitive-behavioral techniques in the framework of meetings and again Enrich marital satisfaction questionnaire after training at post-test was conducted on the subjects of both groups.
The effectiveness of the training pattern of happiness on marital satisfaction of the mothers was 40.30 that this amount with degrees of freedom (28.1) the results were analyzed with descriptive statistics and analysis of covariance at the significant level F of assumptions and when acceptable levels is significantly less than (p

A review of previous research shows that children with intellectual disability experience various behavioral- emotional problems. Behavioral- emotional problems may lead to social isolation and exclusion from participation in social activity in children with intellectual disability. The role of first experiences of Children with their caregivers, especially their mothers, are very important in the formation and evolution of mental structures such as excitement, personality and behavior. One of the efficiency variables in the relationship between children and their caregivers, especially their mothers; is empathy. There are two-way relationship Between Children’s behavioral-emotional problems and Their Mothers Empathy. This means that children's behavioral- emotional problems reduce Mothers Empathy, and the other hand deficits in Mothers Empathy cause behavioral- emotional problems in children. Therefor the purpose of the present study was to the Prediction of behavioral/emotional problems in students with intellectual disability based on their mother’s empathy.
Material and current study is a descriptive and correlational research. The statistical population of the study consist of all of students with intellectual disability attending special schools in Shiraz city during academic year 2014-2015. The sample consisted of 120 students (55 female and 65 male) students with an intellectual disability, who were selected using multi-stage cluster sampling. Behavioral/emotional problems questioners of Enfeld and Tonge (2002) and basic empathy scale of jolliffe-farrington (2006) were used in this studying. Basic empathy scale complete by mothers of student with intellectual disability and behavioral/emotional problems questioners completed by teacher of students with intellectual disability. The statistical methods of Pearson correlation and multi regression analysis were applied to analyze the data.
The results of this study showed that in the base of the correlation matrix, Of the four dimensions of behavioral-emotional problems, there is a significant and negative correlation between empathy mothers with anxiety (r=-0.196, p≤0.05) and social communication disorder (r=-0.188, p≤0.05) ) in students with intellectual disability. But there was no significant relationship between Mothers Empathy and antisocial behavior and autism signs subscales.
To determine the contribution of maternal empathy for the prediction of emotional behavioral problems in students with an intellectual disability was used from Simultaneous multiple regression method. So that mothers empathy was considered as predictive variables and each of the dimensions of behavioral problems was considered as dependent variable. Multivariate regression analysis showed that empathy was predict negatively and significantly anxiety (R2=4.56, F=0.038, p≤0.05) and social communication disorders (R2=4.33, F=0.035, p≤0.05). Also the results of multivariate regression analysis about the role of mothers empathy in predicting of behavioral problems in children with intellectual disability with consideration of gender revealed that Maternal empathy (Beta=-0.287, t=2.377, p≤0.05) significantly predict behavioral problems in males with intellectual disability (R2=0/08, F=5.64, p≤0.05). However empathy mothers (Beta=0.016, t=0.116, p≤0.05) was not predicted behavior problems in girls with intellectual disability (R2=0.001, F=0.01, p≤0.9).
According to the findings of this study that showed mothers empathy is a significant predictor for anxiety and social communication disorders; It can be concluded that if the mothers of children with an intellectual disability are taught to have emphatic behavior with their children; then it can be expected that behavioral problems of their children (both girls and boys) will be reduced.

Down syndrome is one of the problems that children suffer from. This syndrome has been widely taken into consideration by clinical specialists and Psychologists. Children with Down syndrome are very sensitive to aspects of their social environment. Children with Down syndrome show high levels of social - emotional problems compared to normal children. Therefore, alexithymia is one of the potential problems in people with Down syndrome which is referred to disability in cognitive processing of emotional information and regulation of emotions. Several methods have been introduced to improve the socio-emotional skills of children with Down syndrome, including group game therapy. It seems that the game process leads to socialization, increases confidence and learning in children. For this purpose, this study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of group games on socio-emotional skills of children with Down syndrome.
Material and This research was a pilot project and a pretest-posttest type with experimental and control group. The experimental and control groups were equal; random sampling and a pre-test was executed on both groups before applying the experimental interventions on experimental and control groups followed by a post-test at the end of intervention. The difference between pre-test and post-test in each group was evaluated in terms of statistical significance. Statistical population of this study included all 7-8 years old children with Down syndrome in special schools of Ahvaz city in the academic year of 2012- 2013. The statistical sample in this study was 30 children (16 girls and 14 boys) with Down syndrome. In this study a multi-stage random sampling method was used so that two schools were selected first among district 2 of educational zones in Ahwaz and among schools located in district 2. After the diagnostic assessment finally 30 students from first and second grade elementary, aged 7-8 years were selected and randomly assigned into two experimental and control groups. In order to investigate the effectiveness of group games on social-emotional skills of children with Down syndrome the Social-emotional skills Bostin questionnaire (2007) was used.
This questionnaire which was developed by Bostin in 2007 consists of 50 questions and measures five dimensions of behavior (skills, self-awareness, self-regulation, empathy, social relations and adaptive behavior. The questionnaire scale is five-point Likert and all the questions are directly scored. It is notable that this questionnaire has not been already used in Iran and it is the first time translated and used in this study. It was also found after investigating that the validity and reliability of each of the subscales of the questionnaire is desirable. Furthermore, the games of (relaxation-learning, animals power game, news reading game, Patchwork humor, Secret, throne, poping balloons, the pyramid of glasses, Volleyball with loop, creating a country, the creative coloring) were used to evaluate the effectiveness of play therapy. The results showed that performing program group games affect social and emotional skills and increase the level of skills in children with Down syndrome in socio-emotional skills (Skills, self-awareness, self-regulation, empathy, social and adaptive behavior) (p The results showed that using group games is a way to increase social and emotional skills in children with Down syndrome. Group gaming has been instrumental in improving and increasing the socio-emotional skills of the children and reduced the symptoms of anxiety, behavioral and emotional disorders, and increased their compatibility. Generally, the results showed that the children’s ability and skills in the areas of socio-emotional skills listed has been increased significantly after receiving game programs.

The writing skill is learned in the hierarchy of children's ability after listening, speaking and reading. Therefore, any problems in other areas such as listening, speaking and reading can have a negative impact on language learning. Over the years, there have been many ways to treat this disorder, including play therapy which has been used in various fields to combat learning disorders. Dysgraphia is a transcription disability, in the sense that it is a writing disorder associated with impaired handwriting, orthographic coding (orthography, the storing process of written words and processing the letters in those words), and finger sequencing (the movement of muscles required to write). A method to improve behavioral disorders of children is play therapy. This is a correct way to treat such children because they often have difficulty in verbal expression of their feelings. Play therapy reduces barriers and helps children to express their feelings better and learn their control skills. It is a structure approach based on therapeutic theory that establishes learning processes, natural and normal communication of children. Play is the key to the health of children and the correct way to treat them. The impact of play on children's academic achievement and its relation with the ability to write and identify letters as well as helping them to have selective attention during learning makes it clearer from educational and therapeutic aspect. Play therapy is a form of counseling or psychotherapy that uses play to communicate with and help people, especially children, to prevent or resolve psychosocial challenges. This is thought to help them towards better social integration, growth and development, emotional modulation, and trauma resolution. The present study aims at investigating the effectiveness of the recreation therapy strategy on decreasing spelling errors of students with spelling disorders in the first and second grades of primary schools in Yazd.
Material and

In this study the testing procedure was used and the research population was all the students with spelling disorders in Yazd. After performing the diagnostic test (the Riven intelligence test for children and the Fallahchay’s spelling disorder test and Diagnostic Test spelling learning disability) by multi–stage cluster sampling, 20 female students with spelling disorders were selected randomly. Then, they were divided randomly into two groups, the experimental group and the control group. The examiners in experimental group were trained through the recreation therapy strategy for 12 sessions (60 minutes for every session / twice a week), but the control group did not receive any intervention. In this study, descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used (correlation coefficient test, paired t-test, variance test and mean).

The results showed that the analysis of variance for repeated sizes of spelling disorder significantly decreased after treatment by play in children of the experimental group than the control group (p

The world Health Organization considered participation as an important role in normal aging.Participation is one of the main concepts of International Classification of Functioning,Disability and Health(ICF).Activity Card Sort (ACS) is a comprehensive tool to assess participation in instrumental,leisure and social activities.The porpuse of this study is cultural adaptating,validity and reliability of Persian version of ACS according to cultural criterias of Iranian elderly population.
This cross -sectional study was conducted in Tehran using available sampling method.Firstly,after getting permission of test developer,item generation were done by using time diary and activities questionnaire.The second step was item selection by using Delphi method and elderly panel and expert panel.in The third stage,test reliability using internal consistency and test-retest was investigated.
Based on the results,86 activities for Iranian ACS were obtained.Cronbach's alpha values for the Persian ACS was 0.84,for instrumental activities 0.73 ,for low physical demand activities 0.80 ,for high physical demand activities 0.71 and for social activities 0.70,indicating high internal consistency of the instrument.The test-retest correlation was 0.98.
The results of this study indicate that Iranian ACS has good validity and reliability.This tool allowes professionals to accurately assess elderly participation rate.

This study aimed to determine the clinical characteristics of emotionally abused female student's parents in Tehran.
This study was descriptive and the study sample consisted of 56 parents of emotionally and not emotionally abused female students at first grade of high school, who were selected by convenient sampling from the parents of all high school female students at first grade in Tehran during the academic year 2013-2014. To collect the data, Norouzi's emotional abuse questionnaire (2012) and Minnesota multi-faceted personality inventory (MMPI-2) were employed. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics were used.
The results showed that there is a difference between clinical features (mood, anxiety, hypochondriasis, hysteria, psychopathic deviance, paranoid, and schizophrenic) in emotionally abused female student's parents and emotionally non-abusive female student's parents. Forty eight percent of emotionally abused female student's parents in depression scale and 48% of them in paranoia scale showed clinical symptoms.
The mean scores of non-abusive parents in all clinical scales were less than the average score of emotionally abusive parents. Regarding this difference and with regard to the role of these features in emotional abuse, designing interventions related to emotionally abused children to reduce its negative consequences and parental interventions to avoid continued emotional abuse are recommended.

The aim of this study is to compare theory of mind in intellectual disability children and preschool and its relationship with social maturity.
This study is causal-comparative study population consisted of all intellectual disability children and preschoolers Gonabad is a sample of 32 children with intellectual disability who were selected through census sampling and sample pre-school children consist of 30 children will be selected by a random sampling. To analyze the data, t-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient was used.
The results showed that preschool children than intellectual disability children in the first, third and theory of mind in terms of overall performance that was statistically significant (p> 0/001). But on the second level of theory of mind, the average preschool children with intellectual disability was not significant (p The results of research conducted in the field of theory of mind has come to conflicting results, so the need for research in this area seems essential.

hyperactivity/ attention deficit disorder is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders among school children in the world, which has a negative impact on their social and academic performance accompanied by symptoms of inattention and impulsivity. The present study attempts to distinguish the efficacy of two methods of Training focus exercises and self-regulation on reducing the symptoms and also on the academic achievement of the students with ADHD, aged 7 to 10 years who were studying in first to fourth grades of elementary school.
This is a quasi-experimental study and pretest - posttest with a control group. The Statistical population was primary school students with ADHD, aged 7 to 10 years old in Yazd City and due to behavioral and academic problems were referred to counseling cores as well as Imam Hussein Counseling clinic. The subjects of study were selected by purposive sampling method and were divided into three groups. One group (self-regulation) included 33 students with attention deficit/hyperactivity who attended in 10 sessions of 35 minutes of self-regulation training. The training Summary performed by participants was also shared with parents. For Self-regulation training the Researcher Training Package Was used which included the concepts of self-monitoring, self-management, problem solving, scoping, academic planning and Verbal Self – Instruction. Finally, scores were calculated for 30 of them due to the drop in participants (those failed to participate in all training sessions). The second group consisted of 32 Subjects who received 14 sessions focus exercises Such as Image games, Computer games and physical exercises focus. Due to the reduction of subjects, the Scores of 30 students were calculated. The questionnaire of Diagnostic and statistical Manual of Disorders made by American Psychiatrists (Fourth Edition) was used. Psychiatrists and psychologists had confirmed the content and face validity of the questionnaire. So, the reliability of the test has reported 0.82 that parents of all the subjects completed before and after the training intervention, Teacher made test was used for academic achievement. Teachers considered scores for students in different courses and average academic scores at pre-test were calculated. So, the score mean that teachers calculated after the implementation of the independent variables are considered as achievement test score in pre-test. Considering the general consensus of families, only the students were tested in experimental design whose families preferred non-drug methods. At the end, the results were analyzed in two levels of descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, etc.) and analytical statistics (Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test, Levine Test, Test of Homogeneity of Variances and Analysis of Covariance)
Results by analysis of covariance showed that the focusing training exercises and self-regulation is effective on reducing the symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and on their academic achievement (p

Attention deficit - hyperactivity disorder in childhood is common and it is important to find an effective treatment to reduce the severity and depth cues.In the present study, the effect of improving working memory were studied as a treatment to improve the symptoms of this disorder.
In this experimental study with pre– test and post–test with control groups , Thirty-two 6-12 years-old students with ADHD in schools of Arak were randomly selected and assigned to an experimental (n = 16) and a control group (n = 16).
The experimental group received improving working memory training consisting of 15 sessions of 2 hours each, Three times a week.The instruments of this research were parent Conner's questionnaires and The Raven Colored Progressive Matrices Test. Data was analized by Independent t.
findings indicated that improving working memory can reduction cognitive / Attention Deficit problems of children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (p The findings emphasized that improving working memory can be used as intervention method in reduction cognitive / Attention Deficit problems of children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

The purpose of the present study was to compare the socially problematic conditions in blind and deaf students on the one hand with normal students on the other hand.
This research is a causal-comparative study. The population consisted of all students with learning disability in 2013-2014 school year. A sample of 100 students was selected through random cluster sampling. Also 100 normal students were selected after they were matched with their peers in the other group for age and intelligence as the comparison group. To collect data, Taxonomy of Problematic Social Situations for Children (Dodge, 1990) was used as research tool. Multivariate analysis of variance and univariate analysis of variance were used to analyze the data.
Statistically significant differences were found between the groups under investigation, namely, normal students on one hand and deaf and blind students on the other hand, with respect to components of the problematic social situations scale (p It was found that children with visual and hearing impairment have problems in the components of entering the peer group, response to stimulation, response to the failure, response to success, social expectations, and teacher expectations. So, it is suggested that interventional and effective plans should be formulated to deal with the problem.

Toddlers’ language abilities are difficult to assess using either standard tests or through language sampling. Parents’ report is a valid alternative way of assessment which is broadly applicable for clinical and research purposes. MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (MCDI) is one of the most widespread questionnaires applying for this reason. The current study aims to investigate the content validity and reliability of the grammar section of MCDI-Toddler form in 16 to 30 months old Persian-speaking children in Isfahan.
Method and materials: After adapting the grammar section of MCDI-Toddler form into Persian, its content validity was essayed using content validity ratio (CVR). The inventory, then, were sent out to the parents of 50 typically developing children in order to determine the internal consistency of the form. The sample were randomly selected from 10 health centre in Isfahan city. Test-retest reliability was calculated for 20 children with a two-week’s time interval between test and retest phases. Cronbach’s alpha and Pearson correlation coefficient were used to determine internal consistency and test-retest reliability, respectively.
Calculated CVR was acceptable for more than half of the items. Consequently, those items with lower CVR were modified according to the experts’ opinions. All modified sub-sections but one showed high internal consistency (over 0.72) and high test-retest reliability (0.79 and over).
Grammar section of Persian MCDI-Toddler form is valid and reliable enough to be assayed in further phases of diagnostic studies including normalizing and diagnostic accuracy studies.

 The aim of the present study was to compare the intelligence profile and social skills between students with mathematic learning disabilities and their normal peers. The research is a causal-comparative one. The target population consisted of all second and third grade students with mathematic learning disabilities as well as their normal peers in Ahar, a city in East Azarbaijan-Iran. A sample consisting of 50 students with mathematic learning disabilities and 50 normal students was selected randomly. To collect data, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children- Revised (WISC-R) and Matson Evaluation of Social with Youngsters were used. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and independent group t-test were used to analyze the data. 1-In general intelligence, a statistically significant difference between students with mathematic disabilities and their normal peers was not found. 2- In practical nonverbal intelligence, a statistically significant difference between students with mathematic disabilities and their normal peers was not found after examining the mean of aligned scores in the two aforementioned groups (p</em><0.001). 3-In verbal intelligence, a statistically significant difference between students with mathematic disabilities and their normal peers was not found. 4- In social skills, a statistically significant difference between students with mathematic disabilities and their normal peers was not found after inspecting the mean of social skills components in all components except the egotism (p<0.001). The findings suggest that students with mathematic learning disabilities are weaker in some aspects of social and cognition skills including most indicators of social and non-lingual skills. It is suggested that special curriculum should be designed for such students to compensate for such weaknesses.

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect of Stress coping strategies to mothers of deaf children on reducing stress and depression of these mothers.
The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design and control group. To do so, 24 mothers of deaf children were selected using at-hand sampling and divided into control and experimental groups. Both groups filled out parenting stress index and beck depression inventory. In the next step, the experimental group was Stress coping strategies in 10 ninety-minute sessions while the mothers in control group went on their normal procedures. At the end of the instructional session, both groups filled out the mentioned questioners as the post-test. Covariance analysis was used for analyzing data.
The results of the analysis of covariance showed that stress management methods reducing parenting stress scores in mothers (P One can conclude from this study that Stress coping strategies is an effective strategy to help reducing parent's psychological problems that face deaf children, because of its high efficiency specially when being administered in groups, being cheaper and being accepted from families.

The first five years of life has an important role in physical, social, cognitive and language development, so intervention programs are particularly important in these ages. The purpose of the present research was to examine the effectiveness of Dawson-Guare program on Executive Functions in pre-school children with neuropsychological/developmental learning disability.
The statistical population consisted of all children with neuropsychological/developmental learning disabilities. Pretest, posttest research design (with control group) was utilized in this experimental study. With Multi stage random sampling method, 40 children who have entry criteria were selected and randomly assigned to control and experimental groups. The instrumentation comprised the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence and Behavior Rating Inventory for Executive Function-preschool.
Analysis of covariance and Man Cova showed that all the dimensions of executive functions significantly were increased in the experimental group (p=0.001).
These results have clinical implications for the increase and improvement of executive function among pre-school children with neuropsychological/developmental learning disability.

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder during childhood and it is important to find an effective treatment to reduce its cues. The present paper aims to examine the effect of clay therapy on aggression in elementary school male students suffering from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
The method was experimental and the design was pre-test post-test. The statistical population was all the elementary school male students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Rasht province during the educational year of 2013-2014. 30 students were selected through purposive sampling. Then they were randomly assigned to control and experiment groups. After pre-test, the experimental group underwent 11 sessions of 60 minutes clay therapy during 5 weeks, while the control group received no intervention. The instrument used in the study was Shahim (2006) Overt and Relational Aggression Scale. The Data was analyzed by covariance analysis
Findings indicate that clay therapy reduced the Total aggression scores (p>0.01) and also sub-scales including Physical, verbal and Relational Aggression (p Mud play, in conjunction with other treatment methods, can be used in the treatment of Child Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).

Stuttering is one of the most common speech disorders which can cause anxiety, lack of self-confidence, depression, poor communication and finally the isolation and avoidance from social situations. The purpose of the present research was to examine the effectiveness of assertiveness skills training on decreasing social anxiety in boys with stuttering.
This research was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test/post-test design and control group. The statistical population consisted of all boys with stuttering in 4th and 5th grade referred to speech therapy centers in Rasht in 93-94, of whom a sample of 24 boys were selected through convenience sampling. They were then randomly assigned into two (control and experimental) groups. To collect the data, La Greca& Stone`s social anxiety scale for children (1993; revised) was used. After implementing pre-test, the assertiveness skills training program was conducted for the experimental group in four weeks, two sessions per week in a period of one and half hour per session and at last, post-test was conducted. Obtained data were analyzed by univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance.
Results showed that assertiveness skills training could decrease social anxiety (235.67) and subscales of fear of negative evaluation (96.07), social avoidance and distress –specific (101.03), and social avoidance and distress-general (79.54) of experimental group (p≤0.001).
According to the results of the present study, it can be concluded that assertiveness skills training can be used as one of the key intervention and therapy methods of people suffering from stuttering.

Phonological awareness skill is an integrated ability that is manifested in three skills including syllable, intra syllabic and phoneme awareness. As the results of many researches show that lower levels of phonological awareness are developmental precursors to higher levels of phonological awareness, the aim of this study is to explore development of syllable blending skill as an aspect of syllable awareness in 3-5 years-Old Persian speaking children.
It was a descriptive-analytic cross sectional study. 120 normal Persian speaking children, 60 girls and 60 boys in 4 age groups were randomly selected from Qom city kindergartens. The participants were monolingual. The research instrument was a task made by researcher consisting of 10 items whose validity and reliability were confirmed by preliminary findings. Each response was scored as correct (1) or incorrect (0). Non-responses were also scored as incorrect. Data were analyzed using SPSSversion-19.
more than half of children aged between 3 to 3.5 years old successfully completed the task of syllable blending. Children's ability to combine the 2 syllables was better than 3 syllables, and in combination 3 syllables together more than 4 syllables (P The result of this study showed that 4 years old children, gain syllable blending skill, the fact that must be taken into more consideration in screening, diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Also, in the evaluation of this skill, the number of syllables must be considered.

One of the most important learning disabilities is spelling learning disability which is accompanied by memory problems and Visual Perception. To improve the spelling performance of students with learning disabilities a certain of strategies were used to strengthen working memory and visual perception.
This study was a Quasi-experimental research with pretest-posttest design and control group. The statistical population included 123 students from third grade elementary school in Kermanshah city. The sample group consisted of 24 students who were selected and randomly divided into two groups, experimental (n=12) and control (n=12) groups. In order for a differential diagnosis of spelling learning disability from other disorders, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (fourth Edition) was evaluated. Strategies to strengthen working memory and visual perception during 10 sessions were applied to the experimental group while the control group did not receive any training.
Results of covariance analysis model showed that ,with control of pre-test effect there is a significant difference between the experimental and control group in post-test (p The results of this study indicated that strategies to strengthen the working memory and visual perception, improves the performance of students with disabilities in the spelling both in total score and in subscales of the test (picture writing, error detection, diagnosis intensifies on the desired letter, correction finding, word coinage, word completion, recognition of homophonic letters, placement of full stop, punctuations and writing the educational and text spelling).

Dyslexia is the most common learning disability. The etiology of dyslexia has been studied from various aspects. Researchers suggest storytelling is related to success in reading, writing and academic achievements. So, this study was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of Storytelling method on reading performance of students with dyslexia in third grade boys.
The research was an experimental study with pre-test - post-test and control group. Selected by multi-stage cluster sampling, 30 grade school boys studying in the academic year 2013 participated in the study. The students were divided randomly in two groups of 15 (an experimental group and a control group). Participants in the experimental group received 10 sessions of Storytelling training individually, while the control group did not receive these sessions. Dyslexia Symptom Index (Bazrafshan, 1997), Reading and Dyslexia Test (Kormi-nouri and Moradi, 2005), Wechsler intelligence scale for children version IV and clinical interview were used to collect the data. The collected data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance using SPSS version 18.
Findings showed Storytelling method is effective on reading performance of dyslexic students (p=0.001). Storytelling method also was found to be effective on the areas of reading words (p=0.015), understanding the text (p=0.001), understanding the words (p=0.001) and signs of the words (p=0.011), while it is not effective on the area of reading words without any meaning.
Based on the findings of this study it seem that teaching Storytelling method is an effective way to improve the reading performance and different areas of reading in students with dyslexia and can improve different areas of student's reading with this method. Therefore, teachers and therapists can use Storytelling method as an effective way for students with dyslexia.

One of the most important aspects of ADHD is the academic performance and learning. There is little cognition about effective educational interventions that can lead to improving academic performance of patients. This study aims at improving the development and learning motivations providing e-learning validated models for learners with ADHD.
The study was conducted using a mixed method. 41 qualitative in-depth interviews conducted using field and coding analysis and e-learning model was developed in the quantitative phase. 30 samples with targeted manner and taking into account factors of research and obtaining consent for studying were placed in 2 groups of 15 individuals who were relatively and homologically controlled and trialed. Based on the design content, participants were equally distributed in each group. Completion of the ISM questionnaire in the two stage of pre-test and post-test, and the questionnaire of academic achievement in the form of the post-test were administered.
5 component of analysis, design, deliver, support and evaluation were identified in the e-learning model in the e-learning model in qualitative phase and the final model was designed.Average paired t-test results in the pre-test and post-test academic motivation in the examination group showed significant statistical increase from 2.857 to 3.044 (p Electronic based training method leads to increase in the academic motivation and achievement of learners with ADHD.

Negative interaction of child - parent is considered as an important factor in the development of externalizing problems such as oppositional defiant disorder and parental stress. So, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of behavior management training of mothers, on decreasing behavior problems and reducing parenting stress of their children with oppositional defiant disorder.
The research design was experimental with pre-and-posttest and control groups. Therefore, 30 mothers whose children were diagnosed as having ODD were chosen through at-hand sampling and were matched into experimental and control groups. Then, they were replaced into two experimental and control. The research tools included parenting stress index, children behavior checklist and behavior performance questionnaire. The behavior management training was performed in nine 90-minute sessions in experimental group. Finally, both groups answered to the questionnaires as posttest.
The data was analyzed using ANCOVA test. The results indicated the effectiveness of training on reducing behavioral problems as well as the decrease in parenting stress in mothers in experimental group, compared to mothers in control group.
The results totally showed that behavioral training of mothers decrease their parenting stress and prevents rising confusion in parent-child relationships and also behavior problems in children with ODD.

Regarding the importance of stressful life and events in the development of cancer, the purpose of this study was to compare the attachment styles and fear of intimacy in people with and without cancer.
The research is descriptive and causal-comparative. The population consisted of all cancer patients and non-patients in the city of Urmia. The sample of this study was 80 cancer patients and 80 healthy subjects matched with the patient group who were selected using convenience sampling. Data were collected by Attachment Styles Questionnaire and Fear of Intimacy Questionnaire. In order to analyze the data, multivariate analysis of variance or MANOVA was used.
The results showed that the attachment style in patients with cancer were more evasive and thus less intimate compared to normal people (p It was concluded that the attachment style in patients with cancer were more evasive and thus less intimate compared to normal people.

Attitudes reflect our feelings about the world phenomena. Researchers believe that the attitudes of people who stutter are a main part of disorder as their motor speech failures, and should be addressed in the assessment and treatment. The Communication Attitude Test for Adults (BigCAT) is an instrument that assesses speech related attitudes in adults who stutter. The purpose of this study was to investigate the quality of translation, validity and reliability of the Persian version of the BigCAT.
This study was carried out on 17 adults who stutter involving 13 males and 4 females (mean age=25.5, SD=4.07). After the translation of the test and its equalization to Persian Language, content validity was determined by the opinions of experts. Then the criterion validity with S24’s test of communication attitude was determined in people who stuttered. The reliability was examined using Cronbach’s alpha and test-retest reliability.
All BigCAT’s items had a good and suitable translation and good content validity (CVR The results of this study confirm that the Persian version of the BigCAT is a reliable and internally consistent measure of the speech-associated attitude that Persian People who stutter have about their speech competences.

Mixture Cure Models have been developed to analyze failure time data with a cured fraction. For such data, standard survival models are usually not appropriate because they do not account for the possibility of treatment. Mixture cure models assume that the studied population is a mixture of susceptible individuals who may experience the event of interest, and non-susceptible individuals that will never experience it. This study aimed to apply mixture cure models to analyze the elderly injured due to fall (collapsing) and to discover factors (such as age, blood pressure and …) on their cure rate or death rate.
This study compromises all the elderly injured due to fall in Qom County which their historical health files were available in Health Management Information System from 2010 to 2012. Follow up study was conducted through Civil Registration Organization data bases 3 years later and totally 124 cases were selected for analysis. Then, we fitted semi-parametric PH mixture cure model and semi-parametric AFT mixture cure model to the elderly injured due to fall by means of R package and we compared the results.
The sample consists of 44 percent men and 56 percent women.43 percent of this population had one operation, 16 percent had diabetes, 31percent had blood pressure and about 52 percent had injured head and neck. Fitting semi parametric AFT mixture cure model revealed that age (p=0.016) statistically influenced on cure probability and injured neck and head (p=0.031) and diabetes variable (p=0.080) influenced on failure time probability.
This study revealed that neck and head injury of the elderly has significant influence on their death probability. Therefore, injuries due to fall (collapse) can be decreased by improving living conditions of the elderly. Furthermore, nutrition control can be used to minimize impacts of diabetes disease. Results indicate that we can use both PH and AFT semi-parametric mixture cure model for estimating the injured elderly due to fall data.

Oppositional defiant disorder is one of the most common disruptive behavior disorders. The aim of this research was to study the effectiveness and comparing empathy and anger management trainings on response inhibition in children with oppositional defiant disorder.
The method of research is experimental and research design is pretest- posttest with several groups. The statistical population consisted of all boy students of seventh and eighth grades with oppositional defiant disorder in 2014-2015 academic years in Sari. For data collection, the rating scale of oppositional defiant disorder for children (Hommerson et al., 2006), the structured clinical interview (First et al., 1999) and stroop color-word test (Koumali et al., 1968) were used. For experimental groups, empathy training and anger management training was executed at 8 weekly sessions in 60 minutes whereas control groups had no training.
The results of data analysis using Kruskal -Wallis showed that empathy training and anger management training can improve response inhibition in children with oppositional defiant disorder (p These results of this research can be used for empathy and anger management trainings alongside academic learning periods for children with oppositional defiant disorder so that by teaching them the incident and intensity of oppositional defiant disorder be prevented from turning to other disorders.

Various therapeutic approaches to stuttering are involved in different causal factors. Most of existing therapies for stuttering are behavioral and concentrate on its apparent characteristics, while deficit in the underlying neural processing of speech is also one of the factors involved in stuttering. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate and compare the effectiveness of neurofeedback training, the Lidcombe Program, and the combination of these two approaches on preschool stuttering therapy.
The research used an ABAC/ACAB single-case experimental design. Subjects were four 5-6 years-old children with stuttering in Isfahan City. After the first baseline stage, subjects were randomly put in two situations. Two of subjects firstly received 15 sessions of neurofeedback training, followed by the second baseline stage and finally they underwent 15 weeks of Lidcombe Program. The other two subjects received the Lidcombe Program for 15 weeks at the beginning of the treatment stage, then the second baseline stage and finally 15 sessions neurofeedback training. One month after the end of the two interventions, all subjects received the follow-up stage. The research instrument was the calculation of the percentage of stuttered syllables in instances of conversational speeches of children. For data analysis, visual analysis of charts, descriptive statistics, and the effect size of the PND were used.
Data analysis indicated that neurofeedback training did not significantly affect the reduction of stuttered syllables percentage (PND=13-46%), but the Lidcombe Program caused its reduction (PND=40-86%). In addition, the sequence of presentation of neurofeedback training-Lidcombe Program resulted in more reduction in frequency of stuttering in the follow-up stage.
Results showed that neurofeedback training is not effective for the reduction of apparent symptoms of stuttering, while the Lidcombe Program was found to be effective on the reduction of stuttering. Additionally, the combination of neurofeedback training with the Lidcombe Program via the increase in attention and learning results in longer retention of fluency.

Training handling program is a necessary intervention to complete treatment in children with cerebral palsy. This program is based on neuro-developmental approach and helps mothers to empower themselves in caring of their children. To improve this program, this study aimed to examine and clarify barriers towards mothers’ adherence to implementing handling program.
Data were gathered and then analyzed using a qualitative content analysis method. 15 in-depth interviews were conducted with mothers who participated in a three month training within which they had a workshop, a booklet, and over the phone training in regards to how to manage their Children with CP in their daily activities and caring. Transcripts of the interviews were coded and analyzed using inductive conventional qualitative content analysis.
The barriers were grouped into four categories including “factors related to workshops”, “factors related to booklets”, “factors related to phone follow up”, “factors related to mothering characteristics”.
There are various barriers in implementing the training. To overcome these barriers, the workshop should be presented continuously with various subjects in daily activities and must include theories with practical trainings. Booklet content must be proportionate to each age period. Also, mother's access to all helpful means must be facilitated. Furthermore, financial and welfare facilities were found to be effective on parent's motivation in systematic caring. So, they need special educational and financial supports.

Physical exercise and sports have been suggested as techniques for improving adaptive behavior and reducing aggression among girls with intellectual disability. Yet, there is no unanimous agreement over the superior type of physical exercise and sport. Accordingly, the present research compared effect of a series of indigenous games and rhythmic yoga movements on aggression and adaptive behaviors among girls with intellectual disability.
This research employed a quasi-experimental design. Convenience sampling was used to recruit 30 girls with intellectual disability aged 10-14 years old from exceptional children’s school in Genaveh-Iran. The participants were assigned to two groups doing indigenous games and yoga. Both groups did exercises for eight weeks. The measurement tools were Aggression Inventory (Qazelseflu et al, 2008) and Adaptive Behavior Scale (Vineland, 19840. Correlation t-test and Covariance Analysis were utilized for data analysis.
Results showed that indigenous games and rhythmic yoga movements significantly reduced aggression (P It can be concluded that the indigenous games and rhythmic yoga movements can result in reducing aggression and improving adaptive behavior among girls with intellectual disability.

Athletes with disabilities benefit from structure recognition skills through imagery, as such skills are not only pleasant to them but also allow them to improve their performance. This study has compared Sport Imagery among Athletes with Physical Motor, Hearing and Vision impairments.
This is a causal-comparative study. The population of the study consisted of all athletes with Physical Motor, Hearing and Vision impairments. Convenience sampling was used to recruit 97 participants in Urmia-Iran. The research instruments were a researcher made demographic questionnaire and Sport Imagery Questionnaire (SIQ) with 30 items that represented 30 Functional imaging indicates on a five point scale. One-way ANOVA and Post Hoc Tukey tests were used to test the hypotheses.
The results showed that there was no significant difference in sport imagery use between athlete's with physical motor and hearing impairments (P>0.05). Sport imagery use in athlete's with physical motor and hearing impairments were significantly higher than athletes with vision impairment (P0.05).
It is concluded that imagery awareness and higher levels of education are beneficial to all athletes with sensory and motor impairment especially to athletes with visual impairment.

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is a method of third wave therapies that emphasizes on changing thoughts and feelings rather than their transformation, content or frequency. It seems that in disorders such as depression, the transformation of thoughts and feelings take place faster and easier than change in their form and content particularly when the depression is co-morbid with another disorder such as drug abuse. The aim of the present study is to survey the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on reducing co-morbid depression in drug-dependent individuals. This study is semi-experimental with pre-test, post-test and control group. The population includes all drug users referred to Addiction Treatment Center (Tavalod Dobare) in Tehran who were asked to fill Beck's Depression Inventory as well as those individuals who had high depression. Of these people 40 subjects were selected and randomly divided into experimental and control groups consisted of 20 persons. The results of covariance analysis show that Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for addicted people have significant effect on reducing depression. The Results obtained in this study suggest that Acceptance and Commitment Therapy can be effective in treating depression in people with addictions.

Juvenile criminal justice system has seen that girls living in districts of residing juvenile offenders suffer especially from anger and aggression problems. These offenders have negative consequences in the community. The factors that can improve social skills and anger management are directly related to the improvement of human relations. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of communication skills training on improving anger control in delinquent girls. This study is a quasi-experimental type with pre- test and post-test and control groups. The study sample consisted of all female offenders in Tehran in 1392 holding in juvenile correction centers. Because of the limitation of the study population, all of members were selected by census sampling method and were randomly divided into two groups, experiment group (30 patients) and control group (30 patient). The experimental group received eight sessions of anger management skills. The measurement tool was Queen dom's questionnaire of communication skills. The collected data were also analyzed by ANCOVA. The results of covariance analysis shows that the effect of group training of anger control on improving communication skills of delinquent girls is significant at 0.05 level (P<0.001). The results of this study help authorities of correction centers to teach anger control program for juvenile female offenders to improve their communication skills particularly in their relations with the authorities and other delinquent.

All citizens have the right of easy access to health and treatment services without any discrimination and irrespective of their physical health status, whereabouts, and their type of illness or time of access to the services. Hospitals and treatment centers are the main and pivotal service centers that must be easily accessible to all people, the fact that is among the most principal objectives of social development and justice. The research in areas of disability services, human respect and esteem among citizens especially those suffering from disabilities are considered of utmost importance which can lead to valuable information in this regard. The present research aims to study the status of access to health and treatment centers and its relation to disability services in the city of Shiraz. The population under study included all public and private health centers in the city of Shiraz in 1392. The number of statistical sample was determined through Cochran formula and from 120 centers. Also, 120 individuals with disabilities including hard of hearings, blinds and those with physical problems residing in Shiraz who referred to these centers were selected in non-probability sampling method. To observe the status of samples' access, a check list whose validity was previously confirmed was used. Also, in order to determine the disabled individuals' views about improvement of conditions as well as providing service in health centers a questionnaire with 10 items was used. The validity of this questionnaire was previously determined. For statistical analysis SPSS 19 and Spearman's Correlational Test was used to compare the relationship among the acquired data. The amount of improvement in 120 centers was calculated 50.55 according to the checklist and opinions of the disabled. In this study and in all aspects, no significant correlation was found between the improvement of health centers and giving services. The correlation between services and parking space, stairs, elevator and other administrative sections was significant (p=0.05). According to the results of this study, the most suitable sections of health centers were elevators, pathways and passages, patients' waiting salon, public furniture, administrative sections, steep levels, rest rooms, gates and windows, stairs, lobby and parking space which had the worst status of improvement. According to the views and opinions of those individuals who filled the disabled questionnaire it can be concluded that elevators had the best improvement status (75.01%) regarding the improvement while parking spaces had the worst situation.

All individuals need to have the ability of appropriate sensory processing for proper functioning in the environment and participation in activities of daily living Also, behavioral functions can be affected by sensory processing problems. This study aimed to determine the relationship between behavioral problems and sensory processing in 7 to 10 years-old children with ADHD. This was a descriptive (cross-sectional) study. The study population was 60 children aged between 7 to 10 years old suffering from ADHD who referred to a comprehensive psychiatric center. Short Sensory Profile (SSP) and Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) questionnaires were respectively used for assessing patterns of sensory processing and behavioral problems. A negative correlation was found between internalizing behavioral problems (r=-0.426) and externalizing behavioral problems (r=-0.465), and the total score of sensory processing in ADHD children (p<0.05). Findings showed that some of behaviors in children with ADHD could be attributed to some defects in their sensory processing.

The birth of an exceptional child in a family can be considered as an undesirable challenging event that is associated with stress, frustration and despair. Recognition and understanding religious beliefs system has a significant influence on coping with behaviors and interpretation of events .The purpose of this study was to compare the religious coping and general health of mothers of normal children and those with mentally retarded children. The research method is causal-comparative. The study sample consisted of 68 mothers with mentally retarded children and 57 mothers with normal children who were selected and homogenized through convenience sampling method. The questionnaire of Religious Coping of Aflaksier and Goldman (2011), and General Health of Goldberg (1979) were used for data collection. T test analysis was used for analyzing the data. The results of t-test showed that there is a significant difference between the two groups of mothers, with mentally retarded children and with normal children, in religious coping dimensions (P≤0.001). Descriptive data indicated that means of benevolent appraisal and active religious activity in mothers with normal children is more than the means of mothers with mentally retarded ones. Also, the results of t-test show that there is a significant difference between the two groups of mothers in means of public health (P≤0.001). The results showed that mothers of normal children have more benevolent appraisal, active religious activity and mental health. But mothers of mentally retarded children have a negative religious coping and less mental health. Therefore the instruction of benevolent and active religious coping skills is recommended for the improvement of mental health in mothers of mentally retarded children.

Although the main goal in Perthes disease treatment is to increase the contact area between the femoral head and acetabulum and also to reduce the pressure applied on the hip joint, but no treatment was successful in this field. It seems that not any study has yet investigated the effect of orthoses on joint reaction force in Perthes disease. The purpose of this study was to assess the hip joint reaction force in Perthes disease with and without the use of Scottish rite orthosis. The research is a case series study. In this study, among 10 patients suffering from perthes two seven-years-old boys with Perthes disease in the right hip joint were selected. These boys had no history of orthopedic and other structural problems. They were asked to walk in the lab space with and without Scottish rite orthosis. Open SIMM software for evaluation of joint reaction force was used in both situations. Using paired t-test, the difference between kinetic and kinematic parameters for each individual was analyzed. The findings of this study indicated that ground reaction force was increased during the use of orthotics, although it seems that joint reaction force is reduced with the use of orthotics (P= 0.05). Use of orthoses can affect the kinematic of hip joint and pelvic. Since the joint reaction force is one of the most important parameters that affected the joint destruction and deformity, it can be said that the use of orthosis can affect the final joint deformity. Thus, it is recommended that further research be carried out on more cases.

Executive functions in children are assessed in different ways, but the most prestigious and valuable of them is the use of child` daily performance report in his real life. The purpose of the present study was preparation of Persian version of "Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function" (BRIEF) as well as to study its face validity and reliability in ADHD children aged between 6-11 years old. The questionnaire was completed by parents. In this study, translation of the BRIEF to Persian language was done at First step. Then Face validity was determined by 10 subjects (Parents) that rate Difficulty, Ambiguity and Relevancy of questionnaire`s items. Pearson correlation coefficient and Cronbachʼs alpha were respectively used to evaluate and report the test-retest reliability and the internal consistency of total items. All BRIEF's items were easy and had accurate translation with favorable quality. To assess the internal consistency of Persian version of the questionnaire, Cronbach’s alpha was used. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the total items was 0.86 which indicates appropriate reliability BRIEF in the Persian version of the questionnaire. The Pearson correlation values for Behavioral Regulation, and the Metacognition Index, and the whole questionnaire were 0.83, 0.84 and 0.88, respectively. The above findings indicated a good validity and reliability for the Persian version of BRIEF. The results of this study show that the items of Persian version of "Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function" has adequate face validity and reliability for the assessment of executive functions in ADHD children 6-11 years.

This study aimed to examine the effect of neuropsychological interventions on language performance in preschool children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI). In this study a single- subject research methodology was used. On this account and by using purposive sampling method, 5 children among all preschool children with Specific Language Impairment in 1392 in Isfahan were selected according to entry criteria of the study. Having attended 4 based line sessions, every child received neuropsychological interventions in 10 sessions. One month after the intervention, three test sessions were followed. The tools used in this research to collect the data include: Test of Language Development. Primary, c1997, 3rd (TOLP-P: 3), Wechsler intelligence scale for children 4th edition (WISC-IV), and clinical interview. The result of the data chart analysis based on descriptive statics and visual analysis indices revealed that the intervention has been effective on the five participants (Sort by PND 100, 90, 90, 90 and 100 for subjects 1,2,3,4 and 5). The results of the present study show that neuropsychological interventions can improve the language performance of SLI children and can be used as a method of therapeutic intervention in the education and rehabilitation of children with specific language impairment.

Hearing impairment affects all aspects of life, including communication and various aspects of linguistic knowledge. Grammatical errors (morphological and syntactic) can be seen clearly in their speech and writing. The purpose of this study was to compare the grammatical errors of verb in the writing of adults with severe hearing impairments. In this cross-sectional analytic study, 70 adults with severe hearing impairments (35 from each group) were selected by inclusion criteria and then were evaluated. For data collection, the writing assignment designed with good Content Validity Index (CVI) was used. The collected data were analyzed using independent t-test and nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test. The results showed that there is a significant difference between mean percent of errors of verbs in two groups with severe hearing impairments(p<0.05).Mean percent of different types of errors included omission, errors of tense, substitution, and errors of agreement of verb and subject in present, past and future tenses (p<0.05). Adults with hearing impairment in comparison with severe hearing impaired adults have more grammatical errors in verb category.

The aim of this study was to compare the cohesion of the family, perceived stress, and self-conception in mothers of children with and without attention deficit/hyperactivity. This study is a causal comparative type. The population consisted of all mothers of children with attention deficit / hyperactivity and also mothers of normal children in the city of Rasht (1392). 101 mothers (49 mothers of children with attention deficit / hyperactivity, and 52 mothers with normal children) were selected in non-random and accessible sampling method. To measure the variables, Perceived Stress Scale of Cohen et al (1983), the scale of family cohesion and Nar Bloom (1994) and Beck's self-concept questionnaire (1989) were used. In order to analyze the obtained data, descriptive statistics mean and standard deviation and multivariate variance analysis methods were applied. The results of the multivariate analysis of variance showed a significant difference between the two groups of mothers of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity and mothers of normal children in the total score of family cohesion(p=0.000) , perceived stress(p=0.001), self-concept (p=0.02) and their aspects. The results of this study showed that mothers of children without attention deficit / hyperactivity compared to mothers of children suffering from attention deficit / hyperactivity have higher levels of self-conception and family cohesion while having lower degree of perceived stress. Thus, by designing appropriate training programs for parents, the risk of attention deficit / hyperactivity effects on family members, particularly mothers must be eliminated.