نشریه اکوبیولوژی تالاب
سال هفتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 24، تابستان 1394)

Many wetland plant species have a wide range of tolerance to changing hydrological conditions and they may also be seen in non-wetland areas. Therefore¡ an index called “wetland indicator plants” has been defined to classify wetland plants based on their need to water and their distribution in wet areas. Plant identification and generation of wetland vegetation map are important aspects of delineating wetland ecological boundaries. The international Alagol Wetland located in Turkmen plain North of Golestan Province has a special place in the semi-arid plateau of Iran¡ and is one of the breeding sites of migratory and resident birds. This wetland’s water body is changeable during the year and the soil can be seen in gradients from totally saturated to only wet in short periods¡ with the vegetation changing accordingly Plant communities undergo distinct changes in species composition as one move along the wetness gradient from the center of a wetland to its edge¡ and into adjacent terrestrial areas. In this study¡ a preliminary vegetation map was prepared using NDVI index. Then¡ the dominant plants as indicators of wetlands were sampled and identified. Finally¡ using a mixture of unsupervised (ISOCLUST) and supervised classification (MAXLIKE) methods¡ sevenclasses were identified of which three classes were related to the wetland indicator plants. Wetland vegetation classification is useful in ecological boundary determination and helps in resolving conflicts of wetland protection and other land uses in the periphery of the area.

Environment and its conservation in recent decades have gained serious attention of all people and the international community and the world. In this way international biologic environment and private protected areas are considered as protective units and there are the best areas for creation of ecotourism. The wetlands have great economic, social and environmental importance due to its natural and unnatural resources. Shadegan wetland as the biggest wetland of Iran with international importance is located at south of Khuzestan plain. This applicable-developmental survey aimed to consider the weakness, strength, opportunities and threats result in creating and developing ecotourism industry in the studied area and it analyzed the presented ideas by experts and tourists. In first step the internal factors (weakness and strength) and external factors (opportunities and threats) are identified. Then aforesaid internal and external factors were evaluated in the form of tables of internal factors evaluation (IFE) and external factors evaluation (EFE), scoring and weighting. For this purpose, analytical hierarchical process (AHP) and Super desision software are used.The findings showed that for developing Shadegan Wetland ecotourism it was essential to pay attention to a collection of strategies such as offensive strategies which are on the basis of QSPM analysis, strategy of introduction of high potential of ecotourism of aforesaid area for increasing investment of private and public sections With 16.178 points was the highest priority.

For most people, diet is the main route of exposure to metals, so risk assessment of these elements to human via dietary intake is important. For this purpose, concentrations of Pb and Cd in the muscles of two species of fish(Liza auratus and Liza Saliens) collected from Gorgan gulf were measured. The determination of Cd and Pb in fish tissues was carried out using a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer, (Thermo, Model 97GFS). Health risks of fish were assessed by the target hazard quotients (THQs), provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) and provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI). The results showed that mean concentration of Cd in muscle tissues of L. auratus and L. Saliens were 252.05 and 96.7 and mean concentration of Pb in muscle tissues of L. auratus and L. Saliens were 8632 and 1712 µg kg-1 wet weights. The THQ values of Pb and Cd were below 1 for both species. The estimated values of Pb and Cd in muscles of fish in this study were less than established values by JECFA.

Shadegan international wetland is one of the most important wetlands in Iran and around the world registered on Ramsar convention. This wetland is on the Jarahi River’s outfall, in Khuzestan plain. This study objective is to study the Atrazine poison concentration in the wetland’s deposit and cane and suggesting some solutions to eliminate or reduce this poison. The applied method is temporarily experimental, and 6 stations was chosen by field observations and 250000/1 maps analysis for sampling. The sampling was conducted in fall, 2011. The plant and deposit poison extraction was done by Soxhlet extractor and n-hexane and then measured by GC NPD chromatograph. Atrazine concentration in all the stations deposit’s and plant’s samples, except station 4, was more than 3 ppb. The sampling results in deposits media show the decreasing trend of Atrazine amount through Salman Farsi to number 4 stations. This trend depends on the Atrazine half-life, salinity, and poison decomposition microorganism in the media, the water depth and the available mineral material. We should mention that EPA, the world health organization and Institute of Standardand Industrial Research of Iran had specified the maximum concentrations of Atrazine as 3,2,2mg/l respectively. The plant’s poison’s concentration was directly affected by the deposit’s poison’s concentration. The plant poison’s concentration was decreased by decreasing the deposits poison’s concentration and it was increased by the deposits poison’s concentration. One of the most efficient methods in Atrazine reducing and eliminating is bioremediation.

Meighan Wetland Forbidden Hunting Region of Arak is located at center of Iran in the birds’ migratory flyway. In the cold season, thousands of the migratory birds settle this region featuring of the desired habitat conditions annually, especially, common crane. Considering the huge number of common crane in Meighan wetland in the cold season compared to other habitats, this species introduced as symbol of biodiversity in this region. This study was conducted by the use of Maxent method based on maximum atrophy or close to the reality with 4 variables include of water depth, food, land use and man-made events as well as 20 settlement points of cranes. The results indicated that an area of 5037 hectares equal to 21% of Meighan Wetland Forbidden Hunting Region has desired habitat for the cranes. ROC of the model specified that the desirability model validity is equal to .817 showing a great performance of Maxent method. Among the ariables the highest efficacy on habitat of the cranes belongs to water depth (from 5 to 40 cm), food (Cyperusrotundus, wheat and barley germs), land use (wetland, dry, irrigated) and man-made events (more than1000 m) respectively. In order to protect cranes’ habitat in this region, some suitable approaches include of protection of the existing desired habitat spots,the lack of industrial and mining activities and supplying Meighan Wetland’s Right of Wetland preventing any land usage alteration are suggested.

Feridonkenar International Wetland located in the southeast of Caspian Sea with an area of 5427 hectares in the range of 52degrees 31minutes east longitude and 36 degrees 45 minutes north latitude. Plant samples were collected from six stations and identification and life form and their Corotype determined through specialized keys.In this study, 67species belonged to 62 genera and 32 families were identified. The richest families were present Poaceae with14 species (20%), Asteraceae with 7 species (10%) and Papilionaceae with 5 species (7%). The species life form of the study area showed the largest number of Therophyte with 44%, Hemicrytophyte, 22% and geophytes 12%. Also Hydrophytes(9%), Halophte(6%), Phanerophyt and Hygrophyte(3%) make upthe aquatic plants. Chorologically 64% of the plants are multi area (PL). Some species such as Phragmitesaustralis, Nymphaalba and Typhaangustifolia are ferequented in this region. High density of some plants such as Phragmitesaustralis and Typhaangustifolia, presented the high level of pollution in this area because these plants are tolerant to contaminations and have the ability to absorb pollutants, so this plants can live in contaminated environments.

Nowadays, studies on uptake of heavy metals in aquatic organisms have increased because of increasing of these metals due to human activities and entering of them in aquatic environment. understanding of the toxic effects of metals on fish is difficult due to that fish sometimes migrate long distance, so that doses and duration of metal exposure vary during the life cycle. The objectives of this study are Compersion of bioaccumulation factor of heavy metals (cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb) and chromium (Cr)) in the tissues two freshwater fish species, in two different levels of food. For this reason, these two fish species were sampled in international Anzali Wetland in summer 2009. According to the comparison bioaccumulation factor was found in least BAF in large Carassius gibelio with Omnivore levels of food in muscle tissue( Cr = 291, Cu = 554 , Pb = 190 , Cd = 141), exception of coppr metal in little Carassius gibelio mucle tissue (BAF= 1022) and with Esox lucius with level carnivore minimum BAF in muscle tissue to large size (Cr= 305, Cu=686, Zn=1070, Cd=134) exception of lead metal with BAF= 155 in muscle tissue little size. According to the results generally suggest that carnivors levels with BAF is lower than the omnivors.

Iran is an arid country with water crisis. Regarding the role of surface water in the region's ecosystems and the impact of drought on water quantity and quality, the present study was conducted to investigate the frequency of droughts in Khuzestan province. For this purpose, the annual rain fall of statistics synoptic stations were used for Dezful, Shoushtar, Behbahan, Abadan, Masjed Soleiman, Ahvaz and Izeh for a period of 20 years. Data correctness and uniformity test were done on the method of test runs and doubly mass. Then, the occurrence frequency and droughts severity was studied based on five indexes namely, analysis of rainfall data (SPI), normal threshold climate Index (RI), reliable rainfall index (DR) and the methods of Niche and PNPI. Results for SPI index showed that in the stations of Ahvaz, Dezful, Abadan, Masjed Soleiman, Behbahan, Izeh and Shoushtar were 7, 6, 6, 6, 7, 9 and 8 cases of droughts, respectively. On the basis of RI index at selected stations were 10, 3, 4, no drought, 4, 5 and 4 cases of droughts.On basis of DR index at the stations of Ahvaz, Dezful, Masjed Soleiman, Behbahan and Izeh 6 cases and at the stations of Abadan and Shoushtar 5 cases of droughts, based on Niche at the stations of Ahvaz and Dezful 5 cases, at the stations of Abadan and Behbahan 4 cases, at the stations of Masjed Soleiman 3 cases, at the stations of Shoushtar 2 cases and at the station of Izeh one case of drought were observed. However, the results of research based on PNPI index showed that at the stations of Bahaman and Izeh 9 cases of droughts, at thestationsof Ahvaz,Masjed Soleiman and Shoushtar 7 cases and at the stations of Dezful and Abadan 6 cases of droughts were occurred. The results showed that in all the studied stations during each year at least 30% drought has occurred.