مجله تحقیقات سلامت در جامعه
سال دوم شماره 3 (پاییز 1395)

Introduction and Assessment of quality of life (QOL) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients is of great importance for health researchers¡ health
planners¡ and clinical specialists. Therefore¡ we aimed to evaluate QOL and the factors affecting it in patients with RA.
This descriptive-analytical study was performed in 185 RA patients (2014) at Shariati Hospital. The participants were chosen through convenience sampling. The data collection tools included a form on demographic and clinical factors¡ health status (arthritis impact measurement scale2 [AIMS2])¡ and SF20 QOL questionnaire. Data was analyzed in SPSS 16 using descriptive¡ univariate¡ and multivariate regression analysis.
The patients had a mean age of 46.97±11.47 years¡ and most of the patients were female (80.5%)¡ 67.6% of whom were housewives. In general¡ 90% of the patients had diploma or lower education. Mean of physical dimension of QOL was lower and social and role dimensions were higher than other dimensions. Univariate analysis regression showed that QOL have significant negative relationship with age¡ disease duration¡ disease activity score (DAS) and significant positive relationship with education and health status. In multivariate regression analysis¡ health status¡ DAS¡ and education explained 71.7% of QOL.
Our results highlighted the influence of demographic and diseaserelated factors on QOL. Thus¡ they should be implemented in designing educational programs to increase QOL in RA patients.

Introduction and Treatment of dye wastewater produced by textile industries is a major challenge for the environment. About 15% of the total produced dyes in the world are released in sewages during dyeing activities. Alizarin red S (ARS), a synthetic dye produced from Alizarin sulfonate is the most widely used dye, in the textile industry. The aim of this study was to remove ARS dye from aqueous solution through advanced photochemical oxidation process using UV/peroxidedisulfate.
In this study, the effect of pH, concentration of persulfate, dye concentration, and UV radiation on removal of ARS were studied in laboratory scale using a reactor containing UV-C lamp (6 watts) by batch method. ARS concentration was determined by UV/Visible spectrophotometer.
The results showed that removal efficiency increased by increasing the concentration of disulfate, ultraviolet radiation intensity, and reaction time and decreased by increasing dye concentration and pH. In this study, the optimum condition was obtained at pH=7, peroxidisulfate concentration of 0.02 Mmol/L, and 50 mg/L dye concentration. The results showed that the ARS removal by UV/peroxidisulfate process follows a first-order kinetic.
Due to the high removal efficiency of this process in removing ARS (96.5%), use of this process can be a good choice in the treatment of dye and industrial wastewater.

Introduction and Pediculosis capitis is one of the parasitic skin diseases, which is widespread in many parts of the world since it is contagious. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of pediculosis capitis and its associated risk factors among the elementary students in Kalaleh, Iran.
This cross-sectional study was performed on the primary students in 2015. For the purpose of the study, 541 students were examined for head lice infestation using a two-stage sampling method. The survey data were collected through direct examination of the skin, hair, and head cover as well as a questionnaire. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square test in SPSS, version 20.
As the results of this study demonstrated, the prevalence of pediculosis capitis among the elementary school students in kalaleh was 6.5%. There was a significant relationship between the pediculosis capitis and gender, using of personal belongings, sleeping in the same room, and observing personal hygiene such as washing hands frequently with detergents, changing clothes regularly, and taking a bath at least two times a week. However, no significant relationship was observed between the pediculosis capitis and level of education, place of residence, age, father’s occupation, education level of parents, number of household members, having a bathroom in the house, having a health educator, and type of hair.
As the findings of the present study indicated, the head lice infestation is highly prevalent among the primary students in Kalaleh city. Regarding this, it is recommended to train the health educators, teachers, parents, and students in order to prevent this infestation.

Introduction and The World Health Organizatoin Package of Essential Noncommunicable (PEN) Diseases Interventions is a prioritized set of costeffective interventions that can provide quality care even in the low-resource settings. The present study aimed to determine the challenges of implementing this package in Iran’s healthcare system.
This qualitative study was conducted using the content analysis approach in 2015. The data were collected by holding two focus group discussions and six depth interviews with the participation of 18 experts. Following the transcription of the interviews, the data were analyzed through content analysis method.
The findings were categorized into nine main themes, including: management challenges, organizational challenges, functional challenges, intelligence challenges, political challenges, demographic challenges, economic challenges, cultural challenges, and educational challenges, out of which 19 subthemes were derived.
Due to the multiple challenges of implementing the PEN Diseases Interventions, effective and sustainable management, restructuring the health system, cooperation with other departments, and training can eliminate the defects and accelerate the implementation of the protocol.

Introduction and The release of chlorinated organic compounds (COCs) is accounted as a danger for public health and environment due to their harmful properties such as carcinogenicity, toxicity, and flammability. Trichlorethylene (TCE) is one of the most famous COCs, which is commonly used as a solvent for dry-cleaning and industrial degreasing and contaminates soil and groundwater. Thus, it is considered as a possible carcinogenic compound (class B2) for humans. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) in degradation of TCE.
Iron nanoparticles were prepared through the ferric chloride revival method by sodium borohydride. The properties of nanoparticles were determined using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and vibrating sample magnetometer. In addition, the effect of pH, concentration of trichloroethylene, iron nano-particle concentration, and contact time were studied on TCE removal efficiency. Box Behnken model was used to investigate the interaction of these variables. Analysis of variance was considered as the statistical method for analysis of responses.
Results on degradation of trichloroethylene with iron nanoparticles showed that the degradation efficiency was equal to 91.23% under optimal conditions (pH=3, the nanoparticles dose of 0.63 g/l, TCE concentration of 11 mg/l, and contact time of 86 min). The results of kinetic studies revealed that TCE degradation by nZVI follows first-order kinetic model.
Based on the obtained results, we can conclude that zero-valent iron nanoparticles have a good efficiency in the degradation of TCE. On the other hand, separation of these nanoparticles is simple due to its magnetism properties, which can improve the use of these nanoparticles.
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Introduction and The media strongly affect in individuals consumption behavior, purchasing and food pattern and undoubtedly, if these foods doesn’t advertise, People tend not to consume them and will reduce the related diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the television advertising of healththreatening goods.
In this study, the television advertising of one, two, three and Tehran channels were studied from 6 am to 24 midnight From January 20 to February 3 and from August 23 to September 6 ,2013. According to the list approved by the Ministry of Health, harmful products to health include the grain snack, carbonated drinks, Chips and consuming fast foods. Data were collected from recorded adverting boxes and were analyzed using Excel software.
In this 30-day period, 612 cases of harmful products were advertised in four TV Channels in 14567 second. From January 20 to February 3, 295 cases of harmful products were advertised in in 6853 second. From August 23 to September 6, 317 cases of harmful products were advertised in in 7714 second. Most harmful products were done in the TV channel 3. Chips were advertised more than other harmful products.
Due to the high amount of advertisements of health-threatening products, it is suggested continuous monitoring, using the legal and regulatory strategies.

Introduction and One of the problems of water distribution systems is loss of large volumes of water due to the occurrence of various events, which incurs a huge financial loss. Regarding this, the aim of the present study was to investigate the rate of events and water loss in the water distribution system and its related factors in Azna, Lorestan province, Iran, during 2008-2014.
This cross-sectional study was conducted using census method, surveys, and field data collection. In this study, the amount of water production and consumption, the volumes of water loss, the number of accidents, type of pipe, pressure zone, as well as the age and length of the pipes recorded during 2008-2014 were studied and analyzed.
According to the results, the highest (34.48%) and lowest (20.57%) amount of water losses happened in 2008 and 2014, respectively. High pressures in water systems had significant relationship with the number of events as well as the amount of water loss and water consumption. In addition, higher length and age of the pipes had a direct correlation with increased number of events and water loss. Furthermore, the maximum number of events were found to occur in the pipe embranchment and galvanized pipes.
As the findings of the present study indicated, the average water losses in the water distribution network of Azna was less than the national average; however, it was far from optimal condition. Low water pressure in some regions was found to be the cause of the reduction in the number of events, water loss, and consumption. Furthermore, the number of events was directly related to the length and age of the pipes, the water pressure, and number of branches. The findings showed that water loss quantity can be reduced by applying suitable management techniques in different sections. Therefore, the water loss can be significantly controlled by taking such measures as reducing the pressure in the high-pressure zones, timely replacement of old and inappropriate pipes, appropriate fixing of the pipes, replacement of the galvanized pipe, and standard implementation of pipes and fittings.

Introduction and Road traffic injuries are one of the most important health problems in recent communities that annually takes the lives of more than 12,000 people around the world. The present study examined the epidemiology of fatal traffic accidents in Sari, Mazandaran province, Iran, in 2014.
This descriptive study was conducted using the information about the people who died due to traffic accidents during early April 2014-March 2015. This information was taken from the Mazandaran Legal Medicine Center. All the required information was collected using the checklist. The age and gender of the population were obtained from the Statistical Center of Iran, which was collected in the population census carried out in 2014. Data analysis was performed using Excel 2013.
According to the results, a total of 112 individuals had died due to traffic accidents in Sari, 76 cases of whom were male (68%). The highest number of deaths was found to be between the ages of 15 and 24 years old. Sari-Kaiser and Sari-Juybar road had the maximum (19 cases) and minimum (two cases) numbers of death, respectively. In addition, the spring and winter with 35 and 19 killed had the most and least numbers of death in Sari in 2014.
As the findings of the present study indicated, Sari has a high rate of accidents, particularly among the young people. Regarding this, some measures such as ratifying strict rules, increasing vehicle safety, as well as improving culture and education, especially among the children and adolescents should be taken to reduce this rate.