فصلنامه راهبرد
پیاپی 81 (زمستان 1395)

Achieving sustainable development is not possible without relying on research. Successful implementation will be achieved by evaluation and monitoring. The aim of this study is to extract key indicators of research development in Iran, with a focus on healthcare sector. Descriptive and analytical content analysis and Fuzzy Delphi Technique are used for this study. From expert view, 34 of 74 indicators, which are extracted with researchers, are the key indicators of research development that should be monitored continuously. Some of these indicators are “industry consulting and research contract volume with research centers and universities”, “National H-Index value (degree of credibility and references of articles in the international arena)”, and “number of joint papers with abroad students (or teachers)”.

Although the issue of development and modernization in Iran has been influenced by different historical and political trends and developments in the last hundred years, as the debate has maintained, it plays a central role at the heart of political and social dialogue. After more than sixty years of planning and multiple trials and errors, the Vision 2025 document was finally adopted and notified. Unfortunately, despite the high status of this document, which is the country's most senior document only second to the Constitution, and extensive, frequent debates among high-level officials, it has not yet put on a public discourse. In this study, targeted samples were selected from members of the Expediency Council. Then, they were interviewed in deep semi-structured and exploration. Finally, according to the grounded theory methodology, concepts obtained after three encodings processes (open, axial, and selective) were analyzed. The findings of this research indicate that because of the inherent capabilities and coordination of the internal areas, including the historical and cultural context in Iran, ritual communication pattern is an appropriate capability in promoting the development discourse in the public sphere. Therefore, this study was conducted in order to make effective use of ritual communications capabilities in socially important projects such as development

This research aims to investigate the functions of universities in the process of sustainable development from resistance economy in higher education. The study has conducted a survey and, on the other hand, the factor analysis was descriptive correlational. It was conducted among the faculty members at the universities of Urmia, Tehran, Ahwaz, Mazandaran, and Mashhad with stratified random sampling and 263 samples. Survey Tool was the researcher-created questionnaire with the Likert scale. The tool validity, according to the experts (faculty members) and confirmatory analysis, and reliability, according to Cronbach's alpha analysis, are desirable. Analysis was conducted using the software Smart Pls and confirmatory analysis. The results show that the first order confirmatory analysis of all indices, with loadings above 6.0, play a decisive role on their structures. In the second structure, entrepreneurship, knowledge-based economy, regional development, and development of competitiveness play a decisive role to improve total factor productivity. In addition, in analyzing the structures of the third order, the justice, environmentalists, and improving the efficiency of the sustainable development play a decisive role. Overall, the model of sustainable development has been approved.

Urban air pollution, due to its massive and destructive impacts on human and ecosystem safety, has turned into one of the environmental security matters. As a matter of environmental security, urban air pollution necessitates a high level of state responsibility to play an effective, immediate, and comprehensive role in curbing this problem. Such a responsibility requires an essential evolution in the current legal regime of responsibility towards proactive, pervasive, and participatory control of the urban air pollution by the state bodies. However, the present Iranian legal system, in spite of devising some regulatory mechanisms to restrain the urban air pollution, does not provide any legal base to promote the responsibility of state bodies in responding to this problem effectively. To proportionate the responsibility of state to the mounting problem of urban air pollution, it is necessary to base it on the responsibility to provide environmental security

There is a long history of conflicts over water resources, extending back thousands of years into myths, legends, and ancient history. However, even now, in the modern world, disputes over access to water, the use of water as a weapon, and the targeting of water systems during conflicts remain all too common. It has been argued that water resources have rarely, if ever, been the sole source of violent conflict or war. However, this fact has led some international security “experts” to ignore the complex and real relationships between water and security, which remain a major challenge. Indeed, our work suggests that the risks of water-related violence and conflict is growing, not diminishing, as population, resources, and economic and environmental pressures on scarce water resources increase. Many of these risks are materializing at the sub-national level rather than as disputes among nations, but even at the national level, there are growing concerns about tensions in the Middle East and parts of Persian Gulf that share international rivers but lack international agreements over how to manage those waters. Recent international events in the Persian Gulf and other countries have, unfortunately, continued to lead to new entries. In addition, new information is being sent all the time by historians, water experts, and readers to update, correct, and expand the current chronology. Research method of this study is descriptive-analytical, research type is functional, and data collection is based on document and book study

In the endorheic basins of the Iranian plateau, water is the most important factor in forming topography and limiting the capacity of production. In long term, interruption and blockage in the flow of surface and ground water in these basins likely leads to desertification. During the recent decades, water resources and consumption indices have reached critical levels. The solution of water crisis should be searched in the land governance process. Nowadays, sustainable development of water resources is tied with critical methodology and resilience concept. The method of this research is based on analysis, criticism, and inference of the relative literature. The study aims to identify the opportunities and challenges in water resources management of the Iranian plateau and to formulate its resilience-related strategies. The land use planning in our country is not matched with social and ecological properties of the Iranian plateau. The foundations of land uses in the Iranian hydrocratic civilization is based on opportunities such as structural heterogeneity of the land, spatio-temporal dimensions of the resource accessibility, topological and chorological relationships in the land, and dependence on the groundwater instead of surface water which results in a metastability statement of the environment. Therefore, land capacity in the plateau is beyond the capacity suggested by the conventional assessing methods. The resiliency of this unity needs to identify and assess the land at different hierarchical scales, including macro scale (basin), meso scale (elevation belts), and micro scale (ecosystem). In these circumstances, organization, restoration, and protection of critical networks and natural infrastructures of the land is possible with the cautionary approach and continuous monitoring of changes. Cultural characteristics, the sense of belonging to the land, ethics and innovation should be considered as the foundations for the utilization of our land. Furthermore, institutional reforms are essential in order to solve the problems of water resources bureaucratic system, including reducing authorities of the central government and moving towards the public participation, consensus orientation, meritocracy, and transparency in policy-making, responsibility, cost effectiveness, justice, and legitimacy

Concept of social capital and expanding the methods and strategies to preserve and strengthen the concept has widely attracted the attention of scholars of sociology and media economy in Iran in recent years. This concept is considered as a tool for performance assessment of success and popularity of institutions and social organizations and effort of social institutions or groups and associations. In fact, one of the strengths of institutions, associations, and groups is in accumulation and strengthening social capital, which in turn owes to several factors among which the media and especially IRIB have a special contribution. Hence, the present article seeks to review the position and influence of IRIB in the status of social capital in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Abilities, opportunities, and challenges of IRIB in this area are considered. Although measuring the scope and extent of social capital is very difficult according to some experimental data, evidence and judge witness elders in sociology and media, at least the national importance and influence of the media regarding this topic could be examined

NATO was formed in response to February 1948 threats and incidents, the Communist Party rise to power in Czechoslovakia, and preventing Soviet forces, specifically and Warsaw Pact forces, generally, from attacking Western countries in North Atlantic. NATO is responsible for preserving international law according to the needs of international organizations and member countries (based on their responsibilities) because NATO military decisions are made through a consensus among member states. Therefore, member states are responsible in compensation for damages caused by NATO violations of law. This study, in addition to analyzing the legal evolution in NATO nature and missions after the Cold War, underlines some of the violations of international laws made by the organization and absence of an international supervisory system that could preside over the implementation of Security Council resolutions, especially in the case of NATO violations. The objective is to provide an opportunity for Iranian diplomatic and policy-making institutions responsible for decision-making to devise strategies in order to deter possible NATO actions against Iran’s security and interests

Future studies as an interdisciplinary research in the field of human social facts aim at formulating prescriptons for realizing the best possible future. On the one hand, many social structures have features which makes them complex systems. Future studies face uncertainty in studying future which is based on a complex foundation. On the other hand, engineering has had successful experiences in countrolling uncertainty. This article tries to show that how dominant methods in future studies are appropriate for complex systems. The authors seek to find a path for formulating an appropriate development process to conduct projects related to future studies in the context of complex system. To highlight the importance of complex systems, the authors, first study challenges posea against predictions, then, they examine complex systems and their characteristics. The finally, present a model based on enginering principles to be used by researches involued in this field to get access to maximus information from the system and to improve their ability of calulation and simulation

According to the qualitative nature of intervening phenomena in the urban environment, studies in urban areas are required to use qualitative research methods. Despite all the strengths of qualitative research in environmental studies, validity and reliability of this method is neglected by the researchers in most urban studies. As a result, the findings of the research, which led to the implementation of programs and urban development projects, have encountered fundamental weaknesses. Due to the attributes, methods and the process of qualitative research, the following questions arise: What is the role of validity and reliability in the findings of qualitative research in the context of urban studies?; What are the challenges and what are the responsive approaches in return? This paper analyzes the reliability of qualitative research in urbanism engineering studies with an analytical approach and with an emphasis on both educational and research aspects of research methodology. Major challenges in urbanism studies can be classified as initial research challenges, research analysis challenges and the end of research challenges. On the one hand, to strengthen aspects of the research and education and, on the other hand, to eliminate of aforementioned challenges, approaches such as improvement pf the education of research methodology in urbanism, research-based teaching of the models and quantitative software and