مجله سلامت و بهداشت
سال هشتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 30، بهار 1396)

Catechol is a phenolic compound which can enter into the environment by various industries. The main objective of this project is to produce a composite of MgO with high catalytic potential for catechol removal from wastewater using ozonation process.
MgO crystals were produced and coated on the supports by sol-gel-thermal method. Catechol concentration was determined by high-pressure gas chromatography (HPLC).
All three catalysts were effective in increasing catechol removal efficiency. However, efficiency of GAC/MgO at various pH was the highest followed by Perlite/MgO and Pumice/MgO. Due to radical production, the catalyst MgO/GAC plays an important role in mineralization (COD removal) of catechol. The catalytic potential of MgO/GAC composite with ozonation to mineralize catechol was 38.5% at catalyst level of 10 g/l and reaction time of 60 min.
Catalytic ozonation with MgO/GAC can be regarded as an important process with high capacity for degradation and mineralization of toxic and resistant to biodegradation chemical compounds at high concentrations.

Iron is one of the key elements need for physical growth of the body. Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia and children under 2 years old are the most vulnerable group. The present study is aimed at surveying the use of supplementary iron drops in 6-24months infants in Ardabil district.
An analytical-descriptive study was carried out as a cross-sectional work on 200 infants aged 6-24months. The subjects were selected through cluster sampling and a questionnaire was used for data gathering. Data analysis was done by variance and correlation analysis using SPSS19 with the significant level set at p=0.05.
In general, 53.1% of the mothers used iron drops on regular bases, 36.2% on irregular bases, and 10.7% did not use the drops. Only 13.5% of the mothers had adequate information and 5% had acceptable performance with respect to using iron drops. There were significant relationships between consumption of iron drops and performance, awareness, and place of supplying the drops. The main causes for not using the drops were infant vomiting and mothers’ forgetfulness.
Not using Iron drops and using the drop on irregular bases and low knowledge and practice of mothers on drop consumption implies the necessity for planning to screen infants with anemia and holding training courses for the mothers with low literacy.

Since milk and its products constitute an important part of human diet in many parts of the world; effective procedures should be applied to improve quality and quantity of milk production, quality of its composition and milk hygiene and to minimize milk pollutants. This study aimed to determine concentration of lead and cadmium in milk and some dairy products of Hamadan markets and compare with international standard levels.
In the present cross-sectional study, 190 samples of raw cow milk, raw sheep milk, raw goat milk, yogurt and white cheese (made from cow milk) produced in dairy product manufacturing centers of Hamadan province were collected during 2013-2014. Lead and cadmium residues in the samples were examined by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy.
In the present study, lead levels were not higher than the licensed level and in all samples cadmium were within standard ranges. Among dairy products, the highest and lowest average concentration of lead were found in white cheese (0.325 ppm) and yogurt (0.136 ppm); respectively. In raw milk samples the highest average concentrations of lead and cadmium were found in goat raw milk with 0.223 ppm and 0.006 ppm; respectively.
Comparing lead and cadmium concentrations in the samples with Codex (2000) standard revealed that average lead and cadmium levels are lower than the permissible levels. The average lead in any of the samples was not higher than the allowable concentration and cadmium amount was within the permissible range for all the samples.

Present study aimed to determine rate of symptoms of the musculoskeletal disorders in different body regions and ergonomic assessment of the workplace and their risk factors among faculty members and other staffs.
This cross-sectional study was conducted on all 59 teachers and employees in School of Public Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences. Nordic questionnaire was used to determine prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in various organs of the body. To assess workplace risk factors standard and integrated check list of office conditions was used.
Within the last year the highest prevalence of skeletal disorders was observed in hip (85.7 %) and neck & shoulders (64.3%) among academic members and back (60%) and wrist & neck (44%) among other staffs. Statistically significant associations were found between the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in neck and work experience among staffs and between the back disorders and working hour per day (p The prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders is high in hip regions of faculty members and lumbar region of other employees. Therefore, implementation of workplace ergonomics intervention seems necessary. Designing workstations according to ergonomic principles, training of teachers and employees on principles of ergonomics, job diversity, and soft exercise at certain intervals can be components of these programs.

Dairy workers have exposure to wide range of musculoskeletal disorders in different organs. A little research has been done on dairy worker and their training on safe working in our country. On the other hand in the industries with more workers it is often easier to implement safety programs.
This interventional study was conducted on 50 cattlemen in Abarkooh city. Working posture was assessed by WISHA and Man-TRA methods and face to face training was then given on carrying and lifting. Finally the posture was investigated two months after intervention by Man-TRA and WISHA methods.
The results of the evaluation by WISHA before the intervention show that 84.3% of dairy workers have desired status. After the intervention, despite the improvements in some items such as hands and upright back position at work and repeating the task; 83/6% had the desired status because of non-compliance with the load weight. Statistical analysis of the data also gave same results. The results of Man-TRA showed, training doesnt affect work period of time, but increase and decrease in stress score after the intervention on leg, neck, and shoulder is considerable. Overall, despite the desirable final scores, increase in scores of the lower limbs and decrease in neck/shoulder scores are important.
Despite the optimum and favorable conditions in Abarkooh dairies, the training programs to improve physical conditions of the back and neck as the most troubled part of the study, was reported to be effective.

Application of sulfate reducing bacteria to remove toxic metal contaminants from environment is considered a cost-effective and valuable method. The purpose of this study was bacterial reduction of sulfate to remove copper from synthetic wastewater under anaerobic conditions.
This experimental study was conducted in a biological reactor at anaerobic conditions. The copper was introduced into reactor at 5 to 75 mg/l. The rate of sulfate reduction and copper removal were studied at retention times of 24 hours or less. All parameters in 50 ml samples were analyzed using the standard methods for experiments of water and wastewater.
After the adaptation of bacteria at different concentrations of copper, the maximum copper and sulfate removal at the optimum retention time of 24 hours were recorded 97.19 % and 98.5 %, respectively. The maximum production of H2S at optimum operational conditions was about 117 ml/l.
The results showed that the reduction of sulfate and copper biological precipitation by this method is acceptable. Alkalinity generated during the process can facilitate the system for treatment of acidic wastewater containing copper sulfate.

Drinking water treatment is very important owing to the importance of drinking water in human health. One of the most important methods to remove turbidity and organic substances from water sources is using proper coagulants to coagulate the water impurities. This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of coagulants i.e. Ferric Chloride (FeCl3) and poly-ferric sulfate (PFS) on removing turbidity and reducing organic material levels from raw water supplied from Yamchi reservoir to Ardabil water treatment plant.
Present experimental-analytical study was conducted by using Jar Testing equipment. Samples of the study were taken from the conduit feeding the water treatment plant in four seasons during 2013-2014. Two coagulants namely ferric chloride and poly-ferric sulfate were tested on 48 samples taken in 4 seasons of the year with the turbidity levels of 5.67, 12.7, 15.32, and 31.35 NTU.
Based on the results of this study PFS was more efficient than FeCl3 in terms of dosage of coagulant, size of coagulum, deposition time and production of sludge with higher viscosity. More specifically, PFS was able to remove 7% more dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from the samples than FeCl3; whereas decrease in value of pH was found to be lower by using PFS than FeCl3.
Based on the results, PFS can be used as a suitable and economic alternative for ferric chloride in water treatment plant of Ardabil City in terms of less coagulant dosage and high organic compounds removal efficiency.

Nowadays couples experience severe and pervasive problems in establishing and maintaining the intimate relationships and to satisfy each other’s expectations and requirements. Building up and maintaining intimate relationships and satisfying mental and emotional needs in marriage are skills and art that along with the initial mental health and healthy experiences require logical attitudes and gaining skills and carrying out special tasks. The present study was carried out to examine the efficiency of educational interventions based on Gottman’s model on marital intimacy of women.
The quasi-experimental study was performed as pretest–posttest with a control group. The samples consisted of 24 qualified women from who were referred to Hamyaran Salamat Ravan institution of Bojnourd in 2014. They were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly replaced in experimental and control groups. In the pretest, both groups were evaluated by Thompson and Walker’s Marital Intimacy Scale 1983 (MIS-17). The training intervention based on Gottman was administered to experimental group in 6 sessions of 2 hours but control group received no intervention. After completion of the training sessions, both groups were post tested. Data analysis was done by descriptive statistics methods and analysis of covariance using SPSS18 Software.
Data analysis showed significant difference between experimental and control groups in terms of marital intimacy. Gottman-based model of training intervention caused promotion in marital intimacy in experimental group.
Gotman’s training model improves intimate relationships. This method can be used for strengthening marital relationships.

Considering high prevalence of obesity in current century and the association of dietary patterns with obesity; identification of dietary patterns and modifying the dietary habits are necessary. Present study was conducted to identify dietary patterns in different geographic areas of Iran and assess the association of these dietary patterns with energy and nutrient intakes and body mass index (BMI) in adults living in these geographic areas.
This cross-sectional study was conducted on 156 subjects aged 20-69 years from 5 geographic areas of Iran. A semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) consisting of 160 food items, that it’s validity and reproducibility have been determined by Department of Nutrition in Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, was used for dietary assessment. Weight and height of participents were measured and BMI was calculated. Factor analysis was used to identify major dietary patterns.
Five major dietary patterns of “western”, “traditional”, “healthy”, “mixed”, and “high-protein” were identified by factor analysis. Participants with BMI=25-30 kg/m2 obtained the highest score of “western” dietary pattern and participants with BMI= 18.50-25 kg/m2 obtained the highest score of “healthy”, “traditional”, “mixed”, and “high-protein” dietary patterns. “Western”, “traditional”, “healthy”, “mixed”, and “high-protein” dietary patterns had the strongest correlations with fat (r=0.733; p Five dietary patterns were identified in this study. Significant associations exist between all identified dietary patterns and energy and nutrient intakes. Only high-protein dietary pattern had significant association with BMI.

Health promoter behaviors as background factors are effective to prevent diseases. Scientists and researchers believe that the health is controlled by many factors including locus of control. This study aimed to determine the locus of control situation and its relationship with health promoter behaviors in students of Islamic Azad University of Malayer.
This descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study was conducted in 2014 on 260 students of Islamic Azad University of Malayer using the convenience sampling method. "Locus of health control condition questionnaire" and "health promoter behaviors questionnaire" were used to collect data. The data finally were analyzed using SPSS-16.
The mean age of participants was 28.83 years. There was statistically significant relationship between focus of internal control and chance with student's gender. There was no statistically significant correlation between other's power of locus of control and gender. There was also statistically significant relationship between health promoter behaviors and economic status and student's educational discipline (p=0.00). 25% of health promoter behaviors changes were explained by the locus of health control.
In order to promote health behaviors, it should be more emphasis on student's beliefs to influence their internal factors and their ability to control own health status as well as to enable the students to strengthen their internal control locus of health.