فصلنامه دانش پیشگیری و مدیریت بحران
سال ششم شماره 4 (پیاپی 22، زمستان 1395)

Tehran is located in a seismic zone. The importance of this city in different aspects is obvious to everyone. Earthquake occurrence would cause horrible damage to human as well as heavy financial loss in Tehran provinces. Fire is a serious threat after severe earthquakes. Due to the placement of dangerous infrastructures as well as major and minor gas/petroleum pipelines in seismic zones or faults regions, earthquake is very probable in Tehran. Therefore, an assessment of fire occurrence after earthquake is necessary in Tehran as the capital of Iran.
In order to reduce causalities and damages in this area (Tehran Province), a descriptive-analytical research method was adopted. In this regard, required plans were prepared in GIS software and data were collected from documents, books, essays, and articles. Then, three major maps, i.e. hazard map, vulnerability map, and risk map were prepared and analyzed. Finally, strategies and policies were suggested based on the SWOT analysis.
The results of this research show despite the potential danger of fire after earthquake is probable in different part of the province, the vulnerability of central parts is much higher due to the population density, accumulation of urban network path, gas and petroleum pipelines, fuel tanks, and agglomeration of industries.
This paper concludes that planning and policies about land-use allocation near hazardous zones should consider risk maps and damages. Also, the development of settlement and any construction activity require knowledge about hazardous zones and the threats of fire after earthquakes.

Management practices in the extensive Basij organization which includes millions of people from different backgrounds and with different social situations is not simple. Under the supervision of effective managers and leaders, this huge and unique complex can be directed for the goals of Basij as well as people can benefit from its guidance, features, capabilities, and unique capacity in crisis prevention. The aim of this paper is to identify and describe management skills required for commanders of Basij resistance districts in crisis.
A descriptive and analytical questionnaire with a 5-fold Likert was adopted. The statistical population of this study was the commanders and successors of Basij resistance districts in one of provinces in Iran. Since the population size was small (n = 125), the whole population was selected as a sample and the full census method was used. The questionnaire was prepared in 5 sections consisting of technical, physical, perceptual, decision-making, and communicational skills, which resulted in 68 questions. These questionnaires were collected and analyzed by SPSS software.
Findings of this study confirmed that commanders of resistance districts need management skills at the time of crisis. Despite the lack of significant differences, the highest requirements belong to in the field of perceptual skills with an average rating of 3.21 and the minimum requirements were in the field of communicational skills with an average rating of 2.68.
Management skills are one of the most important success factors of managers in organizations to deal with the crisis. The study came to this conclusion that all examined factors (five skills) and the related indices were verified. Likewise, employing the managerial skills (technical, physical, perceptual, decision-making, and communicational) can help commanders to improve crisis management.

Background and The main purpose of seismic design is to increase ductility and seismic energy dissipation by entering the structures into the non-linear area. Many concrete structures are destroyed and reconstruct after the earthquake due to permanent over-deformations and high cost of re-construction. In order to prevent the destruction of these structures, we need materials with the feature of hyperelasticity and the capacity to recover its original shape after unloading. The use of shape-memory alloys in concrete shear walls to solve this problem has been proposed by researchers. The most important characteristics of shape memory alloy is the capability of maintaining their original shape and ultra-reactionary. These alloys having super-elastic behavior can tolerate up to about ten percent strains without leaving residual strains. With these features, the use of these alloys in the structure can improve its seismic behavior. However, due to the high cost and complex implementation of this type of alloys, their use is limited. So, it is necessary to optimally use of them using an optimal design.
the behavior of concrete frames with the shear walls improved by shape-memory alloys has been investigated in different floors, three, five, seven and nine concrete frames with different modes using shape-memory alloys materials under non-linear dynamic analysis time of the history by finite element software. In this study, we have tried to examine the optimal placement of the shape-memory alloy.
In this study, the parameters of floors relative lateral displacement, floors residual relative lateral displacement, and foundation cutting have been studied. Reducing the structure residual displacement and consequently, reducing the cost of rebuilding after the earthquake can be mentioned as the main advantages of using shape-memory alloys.
according to the findings of this study, the behavior of the structures in which, shape-memory alloy is used in the first thirty percent of the height of the structure, has little difference with the structures in which, shape-memory alloy is used in their all floors. So, in case of using shape-memory alloy materials in only 30% of the height of buildings, the cost of smart armatures is reduced to one-third and it is and recommended that shape-memory alloys are only used in 30% of height of the intended structure.

Background and Today, in spite of the technological advances, natural disasters, especially earthquakes are among the main concerns of the communities that no method has not been yet devised to prevent or predict it, and the only way to deal with this natural disaster, is to plan before the earthquakes, to reduce its effects through risk management. Old distressed areas of cities need to pay special attention regarding earthquake crisis management because of shortcomings and deficiencies arisen in physical, social and cultural contexts of these areas of cities as well as heritage and historical monuments in this context. The main purpose of writing this article is to develop proper solutions for earthquake disaster management in the old distressed area of Sanandaj city.
The present study is of cross-sectional type and library and field methods have been used to collect data. In this study, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of old distressed areas of Sanandaj city have been investigated in connection with the earthquake crisis management using SWOT techniques and appropriate strategies have been presented in this field.
The results show that the opportunities are greater than threats and also, weaknesses are greater than strengths in this area and revision strategy followed by defensive strategy are acceptable strategies for optimal management of earthquake disaster within the area. Strategies and recommendations of the study can be useful and effective for earthquake disaster management in the old distressed area of context of Sanandaj city.
The findings suggest that according to the abundance of historic, religious and ancient monuments and buildings in this area, crisis management must be always considered as one of the biggest issues in this regards. So that inattention and neglect can cause damage to historic buildings and monuments, and a lot of injuries and physical damage to residents during an earthquake.

Crisis is often an uncontrollable event. Preparedness to deal with the crisis makes the crisis remain as an accident and prevent from a harrowing disaster. Kerman is one of the most disaster-prone cities in the country. This preparedness for the disasters along with effective prevention and mitigating measures are imperative for sustainable development of this city.Therefore, this research examines the relationship between preparedness and organization resilience against earthquake in hospitals of medical sciences university in kerman.
This study is practical in terms of aim as well as is a correlation type in terms of data collection and was carried out in Medical Science University Hospitals in Kerman. The questionnaires used in this study include a preparedness questionnaire made by the authors and a standard questionnaire of organizational resilience. The validity of questionnaires was confirmed by relevant professors and experts after necessary modifications and suggestions. In addition, the reliability of questionnaires showed acceptable values by Cronbach’s alpha method that was finally distributed among sample members through a census method.. In order to test the hypothesis, Pearson correlation coefficients were obtained using SPSS 22. The organizational resilience status was evaluated by and using a single-sample average T-test in the studied population. Also, significant coefficient (z), R2, and Q2 criteria were employed to fit the structural model of this study, using the Smart Pls software.
Findings from Pearson correlation coefficient in error α= 0/05 showed that there was a significant positive relationship between preparedness and organizational resilience. The organizational resilience population was estimated at the optimum resilience condition and the structural model showed a good fitness.
Results indicate that there is a significant positive relationship between preparedness and aspects of organizational resilience situational awareness, adaptive capacity, and keystone vulnerability. Organizations can hold periodic exercises and classes based on different risk awareness, preparedness, and resilience to increase the organizational resilience of their personnel and also take an important step to prevent and control the crisis.

Natural disasters are the major reasons for underdevelopment. Reducing irreparable damages require truly understanding the causes of crisis and available commissioning solutions to mitigate these risks. Nowadays, vulnerabilities are known as the main determinant of crisis. Therefore, studying vulnerability causes and crisis reduction models is necessary. This article presents a descriptive-analytical study to provide a vulnerability model for crisis reduction.
This paper presents a complete explanation in response to this question which model can well perceive and analyze vulnerability to natural hazards. By classification of the models into three main categories, an appropriate model was introduced for disaster management.
The results showed that causal models (crunch and release) with emphasis on the cause of the crisis, in fact, provide another view from their vulnerability. The crunch model interprets the vulnerability cause and crisis origin by purely emphasizing on the root causes and unsafe conditions. In contrast, the release model provides the vulnerability and crisis reduction methods with an emphasis on capacities.
The most important result of this study revealed that the use of causal models as well as research and development in this field improve the performance and enhance disaster management in order to reduce the risk and impact of crisis in human settlements.

Background and today, natural disasters are considered as a serious concern in rural areas and the role of citizens in the face of these crises is important. The aim of this paper is to examine the role of citizens in the management of natural hazards in the Zalu Ab rural district of city Rawansar Township.
the study is an applied, quantitative survey in terms of the method and uses questionnaire as the tool of collecting data. The population consisted of 150 villagers in eight villages of the Zalu Ab rural district. The simple random sampling method was also used for selecting samples.
The findings show that public awareness is low on natural hazards. They have great concern about the occurrence of natural hazards and are yet willing to extensive cooperation with public and private institutions. They also know rural housing improvement and use of resistant housing as the suitable strategies to cope with natural hazards.
The results of factor analysis outline the 5 components of the damaging effects of natural hazards, prediction and cope with natural hazards, personal preparedness to cope with natural hazards, knowledge and awareness, training to local people effective in managing natural hazards.