Applied Research Journal
Volume:3 Issue: 3, Mar 2017

Depletion in vegetation, attributed to climatic and anthropogenic factors are common occurrences in the savannah regions of Africa. The goal of this research is to assess the distribution and diversity of trees and shrubs in Tunfure and Shongo villages of Gombe state, Nigeria. Purposive sampling technique was used in selecting people who were served with questionnaire in the study locations. Systematic sampling method was used in locating quadrant points for trees and shrubs distribution. The results show that there is significant diversity of tree and shrub species in the study areas. The tree species showed greater distribution and diversity than the shrub species. Findings revealed that Azadirachta indica, Parkia biglobosa, and Adonsonia digitata are most dominant tree species in the study area. Also, Guairá senegalensis, Cassia tori and Leptadania hestate are those most dominant shrubs species observed. The findings also revealed that farming activities constitutes the major cause of vegetation change. Public enlightenment, provision of seedlings and enforcement of restriction to tree cutting were identified as measures for enhancing vegetation in the study area.

This project was performed to help small and medium industries (SMEs) in Malaysia, especially for related coffee manufacturing industry to overcome their problem in packaging processes. A coffee packaging has a specific requirement to preserve the freshness of coffee contents as well as attract the consumer with the design and graphics. Due to that, the development of insertion feeder for coffee sachet pads to aluminum foil packaging was developing for the particular industry. The important element in this design is that coffee pads should drop one by one from insertion feeder through forming part before an auto sealing process. This insertion feeder was developing using the chain conveyor that are carried the 16 containers with a total length of 96 cm with an adjustable speed motion controlled by PLC that can go up to 100 drops per minute. These machines are capable of producing up to 12,000 packaging in 2 hours packaging line processes compare to conventional method with the increment production of 233%.

Cement concrete pavement expands and contracts with variations in temperature during the service time. Concrete shrinks as it cures. Concrete slabs curl and warp from temperature gradients from the top to the bottom of the slab. These natural responses cause concrete pavement to crack at fairly regular intervals. The weather almost always has a role in the occurrence of uncontrolled cracking. Air temperature, wind, relative humidity, and sunlight all influence concrete hydration process and shrinkage. These factors may heat or cool concrete or draw moisture from exposed concrete surfaces. The sub base can be a heat sink that draws energy from the concrete in cold weather, or a heat source that adds heat to the bottom of the slab during hot, sunny weather. The new apron at international Najaf airport which constructed in July to November 2016 was adopted as case study. The cores have been taken from concrete slab normal to contraction (transverse) early cracks have been noticed to investigation the causes of early cracking. The main cause of early transverse cracks is the improperly dowel bar construction and the time of sawing is late after the concrete placement.