نشریه طلوع بهداشت
سال پانزدهم شماره 6 (پیاپی 60، بهمن و اسفند 1395)

Microorganisms may be present in the form of spores, in honey. One of these dangerous organisms is the bacterium Clostridium botulinium spores which are capable induced botulism particularly in infants. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Cl. botulinum spores in honey produced in different regions of Iran.
This cross-sectional study was performed in 2013. A total of 130 honey samples were collected and analyzed for Cl. botulinium spore. Samples were chosen randomly from the apiary of Iran. The samples were examined according to Iranian standard. In laboratory, honey samples were investigated using thermal shock and they located in cooked meat medium and incubated for 10 days at 35°C. The bacterium spores of Clostridium perfringens (PTCC: 1766) was used as a positive control sample.
The Results showed that Cl. botulinum spore was not detected in any of examined samples. Thirty four samples (26.67%) had mold and yeast contamination higher than the Iranian standard limit. Samples from Kurdestan province had high contamination (66.6%) and it was higher than other regions. Honey samples from Mazanderan province had the lowest prevalence of mold and yeast with ranged from 30 to 55 CFU/g.
Overall, the contamination of honey with Cl. botulinum spores in examined samples was zero and so they are safe, but some samples had mold and yeasts contamination that honey samples collected from west and north regions had the high and low contamination, respectively.

Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of mortality all over the world. According to life style changes it seems that risk factors of Coronary-heart disease started in childhood and adolescence the present study is aimed to assess efficiency of educational intervention about the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease which is implemented based on health belief model in sari.
the study was conducted as a semi-experimental study (post and pre-experiment) on 180student in 2014. The participants were divided randomly into two groups of 90 individuals. Afterward, the participants were observed at two stages (before / after 6 months). A two sections questionnaire (demographic and Knowledge about the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease based on component of HBM). Data analyses were carried out by using SPSS ver. 20 using Chi-Square test and independent T-test and Repeated Measurement. Level of significant was set at 0.05.
There were no significant difference between interventions and control group before Intervention in terms of health belief model component. There were significant difference between pre-test and post-test in knowledge (p It seems, this model can eliminate the perceived barriers. In addition HBM Can be Highlighted perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefit about the prevention of cardiovascular and finally, self-efficacy regarding the prevention of cardiovascular disease among student can be enhanced with health belief model.

Early childhood caries (ECC) is one of the most common problems in children worldwide which is seen in 3-45% preschool children population. Bacterial factor is one of the main four components (time, microorganism, diet, host) to create caries. Streptococcus mutans is one of the most important cariogenic microorganisms. The objective of this study is evaluating Streptococcus mutans count in children with ECC and caries free children considering other factors. The aim of this study was to find the CFU of Streptococcus mutans in saliva of children with ECC versus caries free ones. In addition environmental factors affecting CFU of this micro organism.
Salivary Streptococcus mutans count in 76 3-5 year old children was done in two groups (ECC and caries free). Non stimulated saliva was collected and cultured on Streptococcus mutans specific growth medium. Data was analyzed with Chi-Square, spearman, Kruskal–Wallis,Mann–Whitney tests.
Differences in colony count in study groups were statistically significant and was less in caries free children (p value In the current study, a statistically significant difference was seen in colony count in two groups. Sugar consumption frequency and feeding method had a significant impact on colony count. Micro organisms are still the most important factors in creating caries but feeding pattern and sugar consumption frequency also have an important role. The results also showed that parents educational level does not influence reducing caries which should be noted.

Correct and efficient use of various sources of energy and natural resources for sustainable development is necessary to achieve economic growth. Based on the importance preservation of non-renewable resources and reducing the negative impacts of industrial and economic activities more than ever are evident for governments. So, a descriptive study was conducted entitled “Tax and Environmental Experts Opinion in Yazd City about the Green Tax System Establishment and Reduce of Environmental Pollutions.
In order to gather the survey information and verify our research hypothesis, we designed a questionnaire with the five-item Likert’s scale which was completed by 126 tax and environmental experts that has been chosen by stratified random sampling. The extracted information is analyzed by t-Student test in SPSS software.
Given that all three statistics obtained by t-test for air pollution, water and soil is bigger than the critical Alpha value at level of 5% (Z0.05=1.645), according to experts opinion can be expressed with 95% confidence that the establishment of green tax system reduce all three types of environmental pollutions including; air, water and soil.
Based on the results, the establishment of green tax system with reduce of environmental pollutions could have an important role in health promotion, social welfare and economic situation. It is mentioned that Increasing the VAT on gasoline, sustainable cleaning products, toxins and pesticides factors Unlike other factors can not reduce environmental pollutions.

The process of the measuring quality needs an efficient instrument for recognizing and prioritizing criterions of a systematic process for measuring quality improvement. Measuring Attractiveness by a Categorical Based Evaluation Technique maybe can help researchers in complex process of measuring quality.
This is a cross-section study that has three main steps. First step was mining the indicators of the quality assessment by using a Comprehensive review and survey of experts; The second step was prioritization of these indicators by MACBETH Method; and at the last step selected Hospital inpatient wards were ranked in terms of quality of services using MACBETH by a sample consist of 300 of inpatients.
Eight main domains (Responsiveness, Safety and risk management, Tangibles, attention to patient, Health communications, Competency and professionalism, accessibility, Credit and assurance) were selected for quality assessment. Among these indicators, competency had the highest priority and accessibility had the lowest priority. Also the department of urology had the lowest quality.
Using suitable assessment techniques those can assessing differences in the quality of hospitals and hospital wards’ services and compromising them and within denotation of strength and weakness of these hospitals and wards in dimensions also help them to improve their services, is a fundamental need for quality assessment units.

Empowerment is considered in organizatins due to the enough attention to the staff’s need, in order to achieve further growth and therefore its impact on the productivity and efficiency of the organization. So The purpose of this study is to clarify the position and the role of mental models and to determine its relationship with empowerment of Yazd medical college staff.
The research method in this descriptive study was correlative. To collect data, a questionnaire has been used which containing 51 items, 36 items related to mental models derived from the questionnaire of Danayifard et al (2010), with the dimensions of the goal orientation, unison orientation, application orientation, stability orientation, balance orientation and performance orientation. Also, 15 items related to empowerment of staff with the dimensions of competence, autonomy, effectiveness, significance and confidence that Spertizer and Mischa questionnaire has been used for them. Reliability and validity of the . questionnaires was evaluated and confirmed. Data analysis was performed by using SPSS (V.19).
The findings show that there is a significant relationship among mental models of staff’s Shahid Sadughi medical university of Yazd and empowerment of them. Also, there is a significant relationship among the components of goal orientation, unison orientation, application orientation, balance orientation, performance orientation and empowerment of Yazd medical university. But there is no significant relationship between components of stability orientation and performance orientation of staff and empowerment of them.
According to the research topic and existence of significant and positive relationship among the four components of mental models of staff’s Shahid Sadughi medical university of Yazd and empowerment of them, managers of the organizations can improve staff’s empowerment by Strengthening their mental models.

Memory is what creates perseverance and continuity in human and everyone's idea about himself depends on the memory. Among different psychological ideas, cognitive psychology is only one which investigated and recognized the memory. It seems mental and spiritual statuses have effects on memory and lead to memory orientation toward specific systems. According to research findings, there are spatial distortions in schizophrenics patients which are equal with main signs of schizophrenia i.e. disorders in the thoughts of these patients. Orientation has basic role to create and process the data same as thoughts in schizophrenics and normal people. Assessing such memory orientation in selecting the direction against pleasant, unpleasant and neutral stimulants is the purpose of current research
Used data in current study is related to patients and normal people reactions against pleasant, unpleasant and neutral materials of William’s test. After gathering the data, mean, variance and standard deviation were firstly, estimated and were analyzed statistically by independent T test.
Findings showed that there was a meaningful relationship between two mean of patients and normal people in reaction against pleasant, unpleasant and neutral stimulants of William’s test. It meaned normal people selected more pleasant stimulants than schizophrenics. Indeed, normal people selected neutral stimulants with slightly more different than schizophrenics. There was not any meaningful difference between normal people and schizophrenics only in unpleasant stimulants.
Ability and intellectual coherence lead to mental appropriate performance and will result those people remind all memories particularly unpleasant ones with more details. Therefore it seems that memory orientation process leads to psychological status controlled the individual.

Due to limited studies on educational interventions and its effect on accountability, this study aimed to determine the effectiveness of Islamic meaning on the students’ accountability in School of Paramedical & Health in Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services.
This is an interventional study with pre-test/post-test design conducted by a control group. 30 students of School of Paramedical & Health in Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services in 2015-2016 entered the study who were selected via multistage cluster sampling and divided randomly to two groups experimental (n = 15) and control (n = 15). Data collection was administered by the student's accountability questionnaire before the education as a pre-test to both experimental and control groups. Islamic meaning training course was prepared based on the Quran and was performed in 8 sessions for experimental groups. Finally, post-test was performed for both groups and data were analyzed by using statistical methods, multivariate analysis of covariance.
At baseline, the mean scores of experimental and control groups, no significant difference was observed responsibility, but after applying the independent variable, no notceable or significant difference was considerable. In other words, the Islamic meaning education cuase increase accountability in students of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services.
as regards in this study, the Islamic meaning education promoted the student's accountability, therefore it seems this type of training can be a way of promoting self-esteem and thereby increasing the student's accountability.

If the patients are not satisfied with the hospital, this results in switching behavior of patients. In this situation, among different hospitals, the patients choose the hospital with higher level of service quality. So, the main aim of this paper is investigating the effect of hospital's service quality on switching behavior of inpatients in Shahid Sadoughi Hospital of Yazd.
This study was a descriptive, cross-sectional and applied which was done in 2016. The statistical population of this research was the inpatients of Shahid Sadoughi Hospital of Yazd. A sample comprising of 196 members was selected using simple random sampling method. The statistical instruments consisted of two questionnaires for measuring hospital's service quality and switching behavior of patients. Reliability of the scales was confirmed by Cronbach’s Alfa and validity of the scales was confirmed by content validity. Data were analyzed using SPSS 19 software. For analyzing data, Pearson correlation and Regression tests were employed.
In this research, the mean of hospital's service quality variable was 3.508±1.025 and the mean of switching behavior variable was 2.186± 0.997. The result of Pearson correlation test showed that there is a negative and significant relationship (r = - 0.746 and p-value = 0.000) between hospital's service quality and switching behavior. Among the six dimensions of service quality, the courtesy dimension had the highest correlation coefficient. Also, the result of Regression test showed that hospital's service quality has negative and significant influence on switching behavior.
Since hospital's service quality had negative and significant influence on switching behavior, we can say that the higher the service quality of hospital, the lower the switching behavior of patients. According to high level of Pearson correlation the courtesy dimension with service quality, it is understood that the level of politeness and respect of employees, is very important for the patients.

In many countries, especially developing countries, the hospital is a very costly organization is. Healthcare reform plan implementation of the healthcare reform.
Was conducted from May 93 with three approach Financial protection of people, and establish justice in access to health services and quality of services performed in hospitals.
In this study, we try performance indicators Bushehr hospital bed before and after the development plan evaluated and compared.
The study is cross-sectional studies. Collect data on hospital performance indicators. 4 study population of 100 beds hospital affiliated with the University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr. Collection and analysis of data using software is EXCEL 2013.
Approved index and its validity and reliability have already been confirmed.
Findings show implementation of the healthcare reform plan increase of indicator the Bed Occupancy Rate and Average Lengthof Stay. Also indicator the Bed Turnover Rate and Bed Turnover Interval Has been little change for the better.
Because the Indicators examined in most hospitals, After the implementation of the healthcare reform were better than it had been before And also considering that the newly implemented healthcare reform plan and it is in the assessment and corrected stage, Therefore seems to be continuing, ongoing evaluation and modification of the plan could lead hospitals to improve performance indicators.

irradiation is a physical treatment in which products are exposed to ionized radiation such as gamma and x rays to improve the security and quality. Hydrocolloids are components that are used in food science to improve texture properties. Exposing to irradiation treatment may change structural and functional properties. By regard to the importance of irradiation on decontaminating of hydrocolloids in food application, the aim of this study is studying the effect of irradiation at different doses on functional properties of Gum Tragacanth in food application.
Material and effect of irradiation treatment was studied on the rheological properties, zeta potential, particle size distribution and surface tension of dispersion systems contained 0/5% w/ w gum tragacanth that is irradiated at different doses (0, 0.75. 3, 5 kGy). The effect of irradiation on rheological properties was monitored by rheometer. In order to monitor the effect of irradiation treatment on particle size distribution, zeta potential and surface tension, particle sizer, Brookhaven zeta plus and tensiometer sere used respectively. All treatments were performed three times and the data were analyzed by one way ANOVA. Significant differences between means were identified (P values Irradiation, change rheologiacal properties and particle size distribution of dispersion contained gum tragacanth. Irradiation treatment up to 0.75 kGy increase zeta potential, but irradiating at higher doses decrease it again. Results of studying parameters showed that irradiation changes the functional properties by affecting on structure. These changes depend on irradiation dose
Gum tragacanth irradiation may improve the functional properties by affecting on structure.

Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is the leading cause of preventable Mental retardation. Neonatal screening in the first days of life with early diagnosis prevents the decrease in IQ. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of CH and associated factors to helps policymakers and managers of health system.
This cross-sectional study was done on 51938 neonate in Yazd province during 2014-2015 by census. A blood sample from the heel is tested for TSH by Elisa method in Reference Laboratory.TSH less than 5 and 4 mmol is classified healthy neonate For aged 3-7 days and others respectively. Other TSH results were Suspicious for CH and followed. Age, sex, nationality, date of birth, birth weight, type of delivery, age of mother and Consanguineous of parents collected by questionnaire.For mean, standard deviation, frequency and percentage and Chi-square test were used Epi Info software. The significance level of p-value was considered less than 0.05 .
From 51938 neonates, 51% were male and 95.9% Iranian. 93.5% neonates live in urban area and 26.1% parents are contagious.The prevalence of birth weight Due to high prevalence of CH , health system manager and researcher Should pay more attention To determine the causes of disease. It is essential that diagnosis of transient and permanent type of CH was differentiated.Quality review and possible revision of the screening program in the implementation process is recommended.