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علوم اجتماعی - سال سیزدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 28، پاییز و زمستان 1395)

نشریه علوم اجتماعی
سال سیزدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 28، پاییز و زمستان 1395)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1395/11/27
  • تعداد عناوین: 10
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  • علمی - پژوهشی
  • سیده سمانه امیری، احمدرضا اصغرپور ماسوله صفحات 1-22
    برخوردهای میان الگوهای زندگی سنتی-ایرانی با الگوهای زندگی غربی را به روشنی در جامعه امروز ایران می توان دید. دین داری اسلامی با الگوهای سنتی حیات اجتماعی ایرانی پیوند خورده است؛ آن چنان که جلوه های آن را می توان در ابعاد مختلف سبک زندگی ایرانیان یافت. در سبک زندگی ایرانی، محوریت با الگوهای دینی است و اغلب همه چیز در راستای ارزش های دینی سنتی جهت گیری شده است.
    یکی از مهم ترین نظام های ارزشی هر جامعه ای دین است که برای استواری خود نیاز به بازتولید آن در نسل های بعدی دارد. به نظر می رسد در جامعه نوین ایران، نقش دین در شکل دادن به سبک زندگی به خصوص سبک زندگی جوانان تغییر کرده است. به همین منظور، در این مقاله سعی شده است تا با استفاده از روش نظریه زمینه ای و مصاحبه با جوانان دختر در شهر مشهد به فهم نوع دین داری در سبک زندگی ایشان رسید. بر این اساس، نمونه گیری هدف مند و با ملاک اشباع نظری هفت نفر از دختران شهر مشهد از تیپ های مختلف انتخاب شدند. یافته های به دست آمده شامل پنج مقوله عمده است که عبارت اند از مدارا، سلیقه فردی، کارآمدی بیشتر مادی، دوگانگی هویتی و سنت ستیزی. مقوله هسته ای نیز در این مقاله »دین داری گزینشی» است که دربرگیرنده مقولات فوق می باشد. دین داری گزینشی به این معناست که افراد در هر موقعیتی که قرار می گیرند و با توجه به شرایط موجود ممکن است از قسمتی از دین که با آن موافق هستند، پیروی کنند و بخش هایی از دین را که به اصطلاح مانع رسیدن آن ها به منافعشان می شوند را کنار می گذارند.
    کلیدواژگان: دین داری، جوانان، سبک زندگی، دین داری گزینشی، نظریه زمینه ای
  • خدیجه حاتمی، توکل آقایاری هیر، ایوب امیرکواسمی صفحات 23-44
    مصرف نمایشی از جمله مطرح ترین مسائل نوپدید اجتماعی در عصر حاضر به شمار می رود، نوعی از مصرف که نه لزوما برای رفع نیازهای زیستی؛ بلکه برای برآوردن اهداف اجتماعی صورت می گیرد. تحقیق حاضر به بررسی تاثیرات متغیرهای عزت نفس، دین داری، جنسیت و دوره تحصیلی در گرایش به مصرف نمایشی در بین دانشجویان دانشگاه تبریز پرداخته است. در این راستا، با استفاده از روش پیمایش، 378 نفر از دانشجویان بر حسب دانشکده/‏ جنسیت به شیوه نمونه گیری طبقه ای انتخاب و مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند و جهت تحلیل داده ها از نرم افزارهای SPSS وLISREL استفاده شد. نتایج به دست آمده نشان داد که میانگین گرایش به مصرف نمایشی در بین دانشجویان دانشگاه تبریز در سطح پایین تر از حد متوسط قرار دارد.
    براساس تحلیل های دومتغیره، متغیرهای عزت نفس، دین داری و دوره تحصیلی دارای رابطه منفی معنی داری با مصرف نمایشی هستند؛ اما متغیر جنسیت (مردبودن) پاسخ گویان، رابطه معناداری با مصرف نمایشی نشان نداد. نتایج مدل ساختاری برازش داده شده، نشان دهنده تاثیر مثبت غیرمستقیم جنسیت (از طریق تاثیرگذاری منفی بر متغیرهای عزت نفس و دین داری) بر مصرف نمایشی است و تاثیر منفی معنی‏دار متغیرهای عزت نفس و دین داری و دوره تحصیلی بر مصرف نمایشی مشاهده شد. هم چنین، سطح تحصیلات دارای تاثیر معنی دار مثبتی بر عزت نفس می باشد.
    کلیدواژگان: مصرف نمایشی، دین داری، عزت نفس، جنسیت
  • بیژن خواجه نوری، رودابه دهقانی صفحات 45-61
    عزت نفس یکی از مهم ترین مبانی شکل گیری شخصیت هر انسان است. خانواده محیطی است که در آن احساس اساسی ما از «خود» بر اثر تعامل صمیمانه با یک دیگر، به ویژه والدین شکل می گیرد. از این رو، مطالعه حاضر به بررسی رابطه تعارضات خانوادگی و عزت نفس نوجوانان پرداخته است. پس از مرور دیدگاه های نظری پیرامون عزت نفس، با توجه به تعارضات والدینی، چهارچوبی نظری بر مبنای نظریه کنش متقابل تدوین شد. براساس چهارچوب نظری تحقیق، شش فرضیه را استنتاج و آن ها را آزمون کردیم. در این مطالعه، از روش تحقیق پیمایش استفاده شد. نمونه مورد مطالعه در این تحقیق شامل 600 دانش آموز دختر و پسر دبیرستان های شهر شیراز بوده که به شیوه تصادفی چندمرحله ای انتخاب شدند. تمام شش فرضیه تحقیق تایید شده اند و نتایج نشان داده اند که سطح تحصیلات والدین، طبقه اجتماعی و تعارضات والدین با یک دیگر با عزت نفس نوجوانان رابطه داشته است. در نهایت، مدل تحقیق توانست نزدیک به 1/24 درصد تغییرات متغیر وابسته را تبیین کند.
    کلیدواژگان: تعارضات خانوادگی، عزت نفس، نوجوانان، طبقه اجتماعی
  • محمودرضا میرلطفی، فاطمه پورابراهیمی صفحات 63-84
    سالخوردگی جمعیت مسئله ای جدید در مباحث جمعیتی کشور است که پیامدهای آن از موانع عمده در روند توسعه یافتگی محسوب می شود. با اینکه سالخوردگان سهم کمی از جمعیت کشور را به خود اختصاص داده اند، اما فزونی سرعت رشد جمعیت سالخورده در مقایسه با رشد جمعیت کل کشور و پیش بینی افزایش تعداد و سهم سالخوردگان در آینده ای نزدیک، لزوم بررسی ابعاد این پدیده را ضروری می نماید. بر این اساس، هدف این مقاله شناسایی و تحلیل اثرات پدیده سالخوردگی جمعیت بر توسعه روستایی بخش جلگه رخ شهرستان تربت حیدریه می باشد. روش تحقیق مبتنی بر بررسی منابع کتابخانه-ای، بررسی های میدانی و تکمیل پرسشنامه بوده است که در ادامه داده ها با استفاده از نرم افزار آماری SPSS تجزیه و تحلیل شده اند. نتایج پژوهش حاکی از آن است که بین دو پارامتر «جمعیت و توسعه» رابطه متقابل و معکوسی وجود دارد. ابتدا به علت عدم توسعه یافتگی روستایی، مهاجرت جوانان و سپس سالخوردگی جمعیت رخ می دهد. در پی آن است که پدیده سالخوردگی هم اثرات و پیامدهای متعدد اقتصادی- اجتماعی مانند عدم سرمایه گذاری در روستا، افزایش نسبت وابستگی، کاهش جمعیت ناشی از کاهش موالید، تقدیرگرایی و بازدارندگی توسعه را در منطقه مورد مطالعه به دنبال داشته است. علاوه بر این، آزمون تی مستقل جهت مقایسه میانگین شاخص ها بین دو گروه روستاهای سالخورده و جوان به کار برده شد که بیانگر تفاوت شاخص های توسعه بین آنها می باشد.
    کلیدواژگان: سالخوردگی جمعیت، ترکیب سنی، بخش جلگه رخ، شهرستان تربت حیدریه
  • روح الله خواجه دولت آباد، سعیده گروسی صفحات 85-105
    اکثر تحقیقات ایرانی در حوزه جامعه شناسی بدن با استفاده از رویکرد کمی و در جمعیت زنان انجامشده، حال آن که تغییرات پیچیده جامعه امروزی، مردان را نیز در این حوزه درگیر کرده است. این تحقیق با هدف کشف و شناسایی معیارهای زیبایی از دیدگاه مردان، تاثیرپذیری آن ها از جامعه و اقدام برای تغییر در بدن برای استفاده از کارکردهای اجتماعی زیبایی انجام شد. تحقیق حاضر با استفاده از نظریه زمینه ای و با به کارگیری نظرات پسران دانشجو در دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان به عنوان مشارکت کنندگان تحقیق به انجام رسید. پس از استخراج مفاهیم ابتدایی، مفاهیم ثانویه و مفاهیم واسطه پنج مقوله اصلی به شرح زیر مشخص شد: 1- تناسب و توازن چندگانگی های زیبایی برای مردان 2- جهت گیری جنسیتی و ادراک زیبایی 3- پای بندی هم زمان به منابع سنتی و غیرسنتی تعیین هنجارهای زیبایی و جذابیت 4- زیبایی مبتنی بر هزینه کم تر، استمرار کم تر 5- کسب و تثبیت قدرت ومنزلت. از کلیه مفاهیم و مقولات اصلی مستخرج در نهایت، یک مقوله بنیانی یا هسته با عنوان استمرار بنیان های سنتی در رفتارهای مدرن زیباگرایانه پدید آمد. مدل پارادایمی نشان دهنده تداوم تفکری است که برای مرد مسائلی؛ هم چون پیشرفت، موفقیت و منزلت، مهم تر از زیبایی و جذابیت می باشد. اهمیت زیبایی و جذابیت مردان در کسب و حفظ موقعیت های قدرت– منزلت و تثبیت موقعیت هایی که به صورت سنتی همیشه در اختیار مردان بوده، بسیار نمایان است.
    کلیدواژگان: زیبایی، جذابیت، مردان، قدرت، منزلت
  • مرتضی علویان، حسین دوست محمدی صفحات 107-135
    انقلاب اسلامی ایران، نقطه آغازینی در تحولات سال های پایانی قرن بیستم به شمار می آید. انقلابی که مکاتب مختلف سیاسی از جمله لیبرالیسم، سوسیالیسم، ناسیونالیسم و غیره را به چالش کشیده است. پرداختن به اندیشه ها و زیرساخت فکری انقلاب اسلامی در فضای تاثیر عوامل موثر بر انقلاب ها (اندیشه سیاسی، رهبری و مردم) امری ضروری به نظر می رسد. انقلاب اسلامی تجربه ای است که نخبگان آن از مجموعه های دینی و روشن فکری برخاسته و هر کدام در راستای رسیدن جامعه به وضعیت مطلوب و اندیشه جایگزین، تلاش های فراوانی کرده اند. امام خمینی به عنوان بنیان گذار انقلاب اسلامی و شخصیت های دیگری هم چون علی شریعتی در مجموعه های روشن فکری نقش مهمی را ایفا کرده اند. آن چه در این پژوهش به آن پرداخته می شود، این است که دو نظریه ولایت فقیه و دموکراسی متعهد به چه میزانی در انقلاب اسلامی نقش ایفا کرده اند و چه گونه در پیش برد این هدف هم افزایی داشته اند؟ بر همین اساس، تاثیر هر یک از دو نظریه بر عناصر اصلی شکل گیری انقلاب (اعتقادات، رهبری، مردم) بررسی شده و نقاط مشترک و افتراق بیان شده است. به باور نگارندگان، امام خمینی در یک گستره عمومی و علی شریعتی در یک مجموعه خاص نخبگی توانستند از اسلام انقلابی و تشیع راستین علوی در ترسیم وضعیت مطلوب جهت جای گزینی با وضع موجود بهره گیرند.
    کلیدواژگان: امام خمینی، گفتمان انقلاب اسلامی، ولایت فقیه، شریعتی، دموکراسی متعهد
  • ثریا پورنصیری، داریوش بوستانی صفحات 137-160
    رینوپلاستی یا جراحی بینی یکی از پدیده هایی است که اخیرا در بسیاری از شهرهای بزرگ ایران و حتی در شهرهای کوچکی مانند آستارا، رایج شده است. پژوهش حاضر در پی کندوکاو و فهم شرایط، بسترها و پیامدهای فرآیند پدیده رینوپلاستی در شهر آستارا است. این مطالعه از روش شناسی نظریه زمینه ای بهره می برد. ابزار جمع آوری داده ها، مصاحبه عمیق می باشد. بیست مشارکت کننده (سنین 45-18) شامل 10 زن و 10 مرد در این پژوهش مشارکت کردند. برای انتخاب مشارکت کنندگان و مفاهیم از یکی از استراتژی های روش نمونه گیری هدفمند؛ یعنی حداکثر تنوع و هم چنین، نمونه گیری نظری استفاده شده است. مقولات استخراج شده در یک مدل پارادایمی تنظیم شد که شامل 10 مقوله است. تحلیل داده ها نشان داد که دلایلی از جمله رسانه ها و نفوذ مدل های نقش، ادراک و اهمیت زیبایی و انگیزه همسریابی به عنوان شرایط علی شناخته شد، فراگیری عمل و فشار هنجاری و شرایط مالی، شرایط زمینه ای و مداخله گر درباره عمل بینی است. راه بردهای کنش/ کنش متقابل نیز عبارت اند از: بازاندیشی و انجام عمل. نتیجه حاصل از سوی مشارکت کنندگان، مطلوب و مثبت ارزیابی شد. رضایت-مندی، تسهیل روابط اجتماعی و تایید اجتماعی پیامد این عمل برای بخش عمده ای از مشارکت کنندگان بوده است. در نهایت، رینوپلاستی به مثابه بازاندیشی و تغییر رضایت بخش به عنوان مقوله هسته استخراج شد.
    کلیدواژگان: رینوپلاستی، آستارا، جامعه شناسی بدن، جراحی زیبایی
  • علی اکبر مجدی، فردین محمدی صفحات 161-186
    مفهوم سرمایه اجتماعی یکی از مهم ترین مفاهیمی است که در حوزه های گوناگون، به ویژه در حوزه سازمانی مورد استفاده قرار گرفته است. برخی از اندیشمندان علوم اجتماعی و رفتاری بر این باورند که سرمایه اجتماعی به مثابه یکی از اشکال جدید سرمایه، نقش موثری در اثربخشی افراد دارد. از این رو، هدف اصلی این مقاله، بررسی تاثیر سرمایه اجتماعی بر اثربخشی فردی کارمندان بانک است. جهت دست یابی به این هدف، چهارچوب نظری تحقیق براساس نظریه سرمایه اجتماعی جیمز کلمن، تنظیم و براساس آن فرضیه های تحقیق مطرح شد. جامعه آماری این تحقیق شامل کارمندان بانک شهر سنندج بود که با استفاده از روش نمونه گیری تلفیقی طبقه ای و تصادفی ساده 220 نفر از آن ها انتخاب شد. جهت انجام تحقیق و گردآوری داده ها نیز از روش پیمایشی و ابزار پرسش نامه بهره گرفته شد. نتایج به دست آمده نشان داد که میزان هم بستگی بین سرمایه اجتماعی و اثربخشی فردی برابر با 458/0 است و متغیر مستقل «سرمایه اجتماعی» به تنهایی حدود 21 درصد از تغییرات اثربخشی فردی کارمندان را تبیین می کند. در مورد ابعاد سرمایه اجتماعی نیز نتایج بیان گر آن است که «اعتماد اجتماعی» دارای بیش ترین ضریب هم بستگی (416/0) و ضریب تاثیر (291/0) بر اثربخشی فردی است و در اولویت های بعدی نیز به ترتیب، متغیرهای تبادل نظر و هنجارهای هم یاری قرار دارند. بنابراین، نتایج تحقیق نشان می دهد که بین سرمایه اجتماعی و اثربخشی کارمندان رابطه مستقیم و معناداری وجود دارد و سرمایه اجتماعی یکی از عوامل موثری است که در راستای اثربخشی فردی کارمندان بانک، نقش مهمی را ایفا می کند.
    کلیدواژگان: سرمایه اجتماعی، اثربخشی فردی، بانک های دولتی
  • بهروز بهروزیان، احسان حسنوند صفحات 187-212
    هدف پژوهش حاضر، بررسی کنش و رفتار جنسی پیش از ازدواج جوانان شهرستان سلسله با استفاده از رویکرد تفسیرگرایی اجتماعی بوده است. روش شناسی پژوهش، کیفی بوده است و از روش نظریه زمینه ای به عنوان روش اجرای عملیات پژوهش استفاده شده است. داده های کیفی در این مطالعه با استفاده از تکنیک مصاحبه عمیق گردآوری شدند. جهت تجزیه وتحلیل اطلاعات و ارائه نظریه نهایی از استراتژی نظریه زمینه ای استفاده شده است. براساس روش نمونه گیری گلوله برفی و نیز معیار اشباع نظری، 32 نفر از جوانان شهرستان سلسله (الشتر) در این پژوهش شرکت کردند که فهم و درک آن ها نسبت به روابط جنسی پیش از ازدواج مورد بررسی و تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. یافته های به دست آمده با استفاده از روش «نظریه زمینه ای» شامل هشت مقوله عمده به شرح زیر است: وسایل جدید ارتباطی، فشار گروه های دوستان، رفتار فراغتی، هویت یابی جنسی، نیاز عاطفی (روابط عاشقانه)، روابط مبتنی بر عشق سیال، فرصت و امکان ارتباط و جابه جایی اهداف ارزشی. مقوله «هسته» این بررسی «ارزش های رهایی بخش جنسی» است که سایر مقولات عمده را در بر می گیرد. نظریه زمینه ای به دست آمده در قالب یک مدل پارادیمی شامل سه بعد شرایط، تعاملات/ فرآیندها و پیامدها ارائه شده است.
    کلیدواژگان: جوانان، روابط جنسی، تفسیرگرایی اجتماعی، نظریه زمینه ای، مدل پارادایمی
  • حسین خسروی، انسی کرامتی صفحات 213-236
    فرهنگ حاکم بر یک کتاب خانه که در تامین نیازهای مراجعان آن نقشی انکارناپذیر دارد، تعیین کننده حیات یا ممات آن کتاب خانه به عنوان نهادی اجتماعی است. هدف ازاین پژوهش، بررسی نگرش مدیران و کارمندان سازمان کتاب خانه ها، موزه ها و مرکز اسناد آستان قدس رضوی نسبت به چه گونگی فرهنگ سازمانی موجود و مطلوب دراین سازمان است. پژوهش حاضر توصیفی و از نوع پیمایشی محسوب می شود. نمونه مورد بررسی 175 نفر از کارکنان واقع در کتاب خانه مرکزی، موزه و مرکز اسناد آستان قدس رضوی بودند که براساس اصل در دسترس پذیری انتخاب شدند. ابزار مورد استفاده، پرسش نامه فرهنگ سازمانی کامرون و کوئین بود و اطلاعات به دست آمده از آن توسط آزمون های آماری فریدمن، لوین و تجزیه و تحلیل واریاس چندگانه، مورد تحلیل قرار گرفت. نتایج به دست آمده نشان داد که بین دیدگاه کارکنان و مدیران درمورد الگوی فرهنگ سازمانی موجود، تفاوت معناداری وجود نداشته و هردو گروه معتقداند که الگوی فرهنگ سلسله مراتبی بر سازمان حاکم است. هم چنین، بین دیدگاه کارکنان و مدیران در مورد الگوی فرهنگ سازمانی مطلوب، تفاوت معناداری وجود نداشته و هر دو گروه معتقداند که الگوی فرهنگ گروهی به عنوان بهترین الگو برای کارکرد موثر این سازمان مورد نیاز است.
    کلیدواژگان: فرهنگ سازمانی، نهاد اجتماعی، سازمان کتاب خانه ها، موزه ها و مرکز اسناد آستان قدس رضوی
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  • Seyedeh Samaneh Amiri, Ahmad Reza Asgharpour Masouleh Pages 1-22
    Introduction
    The twenty first century is assumed to be the era of attention to social transformation conditions and factors due to the third world developments, mass media development and technological developmentsfrom the viewpoints of social issues analysts (Roche, 1996). Social changes in Iran recent community is so quick that even little attention in the most important cultural elements in a short period of time is clear. According to Roche (1996) strong social changes indicate a cut between today cultural relationships and the past. Change in cultural elements such as norms, values and tastes indicate how Iranian youths have been changed during the recent generations. Studying these youths’ new life features is important as it can present a realistic image of the status quo. As youths play a very important role in establishing society culture, studying their life style is of prime importance.
    Religiosity is one of the basic components for life style construct; especially in Iranian culture which is assumed to be one of the essential parts of social life. In Iranian culture, beliefs and rituals play an important role and this indicates its origins in life style. According to interpretive approach in the present research, the present research tries to study actors’ mentality toward religiosity among young girls living in Mashhad. The present research tries to find out the image of religiosity in actors’ mentality so that conditions or infrastructures, interactions and processes as well as consequences of this kind of religiosity can be studied. The present research main goal is reproducing the youth mental meaning of religiosity.
    Concepts : Religiosity means enjoying “religious commitment” such that individuals’ attitude and actions are effected. The type of effect is determined by the religion (Shojaee Zand, 2005, cited in Himmelfarb, 1975). Religious refers to anyone or any phenomena in which religion values and signs are manifested. Religion values and signs manifestation can be recognized in his/her overt and covert actions and attitudes. Therefore, he/she can be distinguished from others through "commitment” and “religious obligation” as well as religiosity “consequence” and its effects on his/her thought, mind and social and individual action (Mahdavi Kani, 2008).
    Life style consists of individuals’ performance, style of behavior and pattern in social life mainstream and in a coherent social structure by which one is distinguished from others. Life style enjoys different aspects such as family system, religion, and media.
    Individuals’ life style is effected by his/her semantic system and religion is one of these semantic systems. All religions enjoy semantic systems, teachings, entities as well as structures which enable their followers in establishing life styles based on them. Religion can play a role in creating manner, taste and aesthetic and as a result in life style. It also involves forming other life styles apart from religion life styles (Mahdavi Kani, 2008).
    Some thinkers believe that life style is dependent on values that originates from culture or religion. Values and norms that Islam bestows human beings effect his/her taste, manner and his/her interpretations of life. Finally, it depicts and propagates a style which results in forming religious life style and behavior (Mahdavi Kani, 2008).
    Methodology
    As the present research is focused on studying actors’ mentality of religiosity among young girls in Mashhad, therefore, interpretive and qualitative method has been selected as the dominant methodology and the grounded theory has been applied for carrying out the research process.
    Qualitative method and grounded theory have been applied in the present research due to the sensitivity of the issue and the religiosity wide and deep aspects in life style. So, the present research tries to study and reproduce youth understanding and interpretation of religiosity through interpretative approach and by entering into the studied society semantic system.
    Findings: After extracting and encoding the information related to actors’ mentality regarding religiosity, 18 concepts were extracted during open coding which were classified in forms of 4 main categories duringaxial coding. These categories include tolerance, individual taste centrality, more effectiveness of religion, anti-traditionalism and dual identity. During selective coding stage, these categories resulted in extracting one central category which comprises the above mentioned categories. The central category in the present research is “selective religiosity”.
    Discussion and
    Conclusion
    According to the data collected by interview with individuals, five axial categories were found including tolerance, individual taste centrality, the dichotomy of value, religion effectiveness and anti-traditionalism among which the central category as “selective religiosity” was found out. Selective religiosity means that individuals obey a part of the religion they agree with and they put aside those parts which prevent them from achieving their goals.
    Changes incurred in individuals’ religiosity especially young people such as selective religiosity enjoy a series of conditions and grounds which are resulted by certain processes. Western culture components (modernity) such as individuals’ taste, different life styles and anti- traditionalism, etc. result in changes in individuals’ life style and their attitudes. As life style and religiosity style are two interrelated categories, any changes in one of them brings about change in the other. As a result, selective religiosity is the result of this process.
    The other point to refer is that those who follow a selective religiosity are still inclined toward being religious and they avoid words such as “impious” or “Non-Muslim” and call themselves “Muslim”; it means that in Iran society, avoiding from Islamic rules still is not a value but people relate their own personal interpretations to a part of religion (paying attention to religion material effectiveness aspect).
    Today's youngpeople require redefinition of identity especially their own religion identity. He/she is trapped among plurality of western values and a mass of traditional values whichhe/ she acquires through sociability and are transferred to him/her by parents. As a result, he/she suffers from a kind of identity crisis or value crisis and the consequences will be seen during life difficult choices. Among its consequences one can refer to destruction of unifying role of religion among individuals, individuals’ attention toward religion effectiveness aspect instead of nature of religion and religiosity.
    Keywords: Religiosity, Youths, Life style, Selective religiosity, Grounded theory
  • Khadijeh Hatami, Tavakkol Aghayari Hir, Ayoub Amir Kavasemi Pages 23-44
    Introduction
    Conspicuous Consumption, a kind of consumption that is mostly to satisfy social than basic economic needs, is known as an emerging social issue in contemporary sociology. Sociologically, to the conspicuous consumer, such a public display of discretionary economic power is a means either of attaining or of maintaining a given social status.
    Although forms of conspicuous consumption existed in the past and Veblen has spoken about it among the leisure class in Western societies, it has been only recently that the conspicuous consumption is regarded as a social problem. Nowadays, conspicuous consumption and its relevant fashionability have crossed any boundaries of class and social strata, and is a very characteristics of any society, whether developed or developing.
    This study has attempted to evaluate the level of conspicuous consumption among university students and investigate the effects of self-esteem, religiosity, gender, and degree levels on conspicuous consumption among students of Tabriz University.
    Theoretical Framework: In the 19th century, the term conspicuous consumption was introduced by the economist and sociologist Thorstein Veblen (1857–1929), in the book The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study in the Evolution of Institutions (1899), to describe the behavioural characteristics of the nouveau riche (new rich) social class, Veblen labels this type of behavior conspicuous consumption. In his famous study of consumption during the Gilded Age, Veblen (1899) speculated that, for the particular individuals he studied, “Consumption is evidence of wealth, and thus becomes honorific, and …failure to consume a mark of demerit”. People spend money on artifacts of consumption in order to give an indication of their wealth to other members of society.
    Simmel (1971) maintained that women are fashion's staunchest adherents’ this is because women are historically the subordinate sex, and such as derive greater social rewards from avoiding any instance of individualization. Simmel believed that women are intellectually and emotionally more stable and faithful by nature, and that compensate for their internal stolidity that are drawn more strongly to vicissitudes of fashion. Women have also been deprived of development opportunities in to move towards modernity, thus they are seeking a sense of change and development of phenomena such as consumption and fashion.
    Bourdieu (1984) discussed about not only conspicuous consumption but also all kind of consumption. As it is discussed above, according to him, both economic and cultural capitals reinforce the class positions. Bourdieu believes that it is an expression of class distinction, as well. In fact, people distinguish themselves from others via consumption of special goods and products.
    Bocock(1993) hopes that the world's religions to overcome the consumerist lifestyle before the damage to the planet Earth gets too catastrophic.
    People who have lower self-esteem than those who have higher self-esteem, are needed to be approved and admired by others & much more influenced by the pressure groups.
    Methodology
    This study, utilizing survey method, has gathered and analyzed data from 378 students of Tabriz University in the studying year 2012-13 (being around 11416 persons). Quota sampling techniques are used to derive sample from the population under study. Self-administered questionnaires are used to gather needed data. Reliability of all main three variables of the study have been higher than 0.70. SPSS and LISREL statistical packages are used to analyze data at two parts; univariate and descriptive statistics are used to describe data and sample and regression and path analysis have been employed to investigate relationships among variables.
    Results and Discussion
    Findings show that conspicuous consumption scale is low to medium among the respondents. Average conspicuous consumption among students is 25.7 (in a continuum of 10-52). Applying Pearson Correlations for bivaraite analyses indicate that self-esteem, religiosity and degree level (being Msc/MA comparing to Bsc/BA) have negative and statistically significant relationships with conspicuous consumption. In comparison, conspicuous consumption was not significantly different between males and females. To investigate the relationships in detail, a Path Model has been fitted to study the structural relationships among variables of interest, and results showed that gender (being male) has positive effect on conspicuous consumption. According to the findings, self-esteem, religiosity and degree level have affected conspicuous consumption negatively and significantly. Gender (being male) has negative effects on both self-esteem, and religiosity and degree level (being Msc/MA) positively affected self-esteem.
    Suggestions: It seems that this result, gender (being male) has positive effect on conspicuous consumption and has negative effects on self-esteem, is a new data that requires more research, so it is recommended to researchers, to conduct more research studies on this subject.
    Keywords: Conspicuous consumption, Self-esteem, Religiosity, Gender, Degree level
  • Bijan Khajenouri, Roudabeh Dehghani Pages 45-61
    Introduction
    Family environment is a place where our basic sense of “self” is formed through intimate, intense and broad interaction with parents and other family members (Gecas & Schwalbe, 1986). Moreover, emotional relationships between them have a decisive influence on the construction of individual and social identity of each of the children and adolescents. One result of the relationship between parents and children can be found in the phenomenon of children self-esteem. If we consider self-esteem as overall assessment of every individual of “oneself”, this assessment can be formed in the course of interactions that are shaped with those who are regarded as important. One of these important others is family members. Parent’s interaction with each other and with children is of particular importance.
    The current article aims to investigate the conflicts between parents, on the one hand, and the conflict between parents and children on the other hand. Since the family is the most important factor in the socialization of the individual (because the maximum emotional load exists in the family) and parents play the most influential role in this area, an analysis of the relationship between parents and their relationships with the children can significantly influence the development of children’s self-esteem.
    Theoretical Framework: One of the most important conditions for the development of self-esteem of every individual is family and the types of interactions occurring among the members. From the perspective of symbolic interaction, conception that each person has of its “self” is the social result of the evaluations reflected by others and especially important others that are transferred in the course of social interaction (Demo, Stephen, & Savin-Williams, 1987). If a person is lucky enough to be born in a family or culture in which individual traits and characteristics are appreciated, a proper coordination is created between the individual and his environment. Parental involvement is one of the first antecedents of self-esteem that has drawn the researchers’ attention within the recent years (Demo, Stephen, & Savin-Williams, 1987). The involvement of parental support is generally viewed as a positive force. Guüllone argues that paternal support is directly associated with a sense of competence in children. Family relationships are usually strong and durable, and the situation is influential in socialization process and has important results. Therefore, it could be argued that parent and children’s perception of “self” is significantly influenced by the nature of their mutual relationship. Parents who have conflicts with each other and with their own children, they lack the chance to recognize the constellation of abilities, preferences, merits, fears, interests, etc. in their children at a certain age. This disability makes them unable to develop their children domination. Domination in fulfilling tasks and having successful experiences in childhood is the result of a sense of efficacy and self-esteem. According to White, self-esteem is rooted in the experience of sense of usefulness (White, 1963). Furthermore, social factors and socio-economic status of the family can influence children’s self-esteem.
    Methodology
    The current study was conducted using a survey method. Data collection was a self-report questionnaire. The study population is composed of female and male students in the academic year 2008-2009 in Shiraz. In the academic year 2008-2009, the total number of male and female students in Shiraz city was 52828 that were divided into four districts (Fars Department of Education, Research & Human Resource Planning Administration, Department of Planning and Programming, 2009). The sample size was calculated using Lin’s formula (Lin, 1978). The selected sample with reliability coefficient of , confidence coefficient of 95%, and population variance of 50-50% (assuming the highest degree of variance in the population) was composed of 600 subjects, that the main attempt was to distribute the sample size equally between boys and girls. Sampling method was multistage random one.
    Results And Discussion
    The research results confirm the first three hypotheses, i.e. there is a significant relationship between self-esteem and the respondents’ education level and parent’s education level. Other results showed that there is a direct correlation between conflict between parents and self-esteem in adolescents. When the conflict between parents gets more severe, self-esteem in children would be less. Parent-child conflict at home and outside the home can affect the self-esteem of adolescents. Whatever the extent of parental conflict is raised, their self-esteem would be reduced. According to the results of multivariate regression analysis, five variables including conflict between children and parents, respondent’s education level, marital conflict and social class entered the model. These variables were also associated with the dependent variable in the area of bivariate relationships. Finally, the model was able to explain 24.1% of the variations in the dependent variable.
    Conclusion and Recommendations: Family as the most important foundation and actually the primary context for the formation of “self” is of particular importance. Parental relationships with each other and with their children play an important role in the formation of self-esteem. If the conception that one has of himself is based on self-humiliation and low self-esteem, it can adversely affect both the individual and society. As mentioned above, the body of the research carried out in this area show that people with low self-esteem and poor self-image are more likely to have risky behaviors and delinquency. As the results indicate, parents who are in conflict with each other have the children with low self-esteem, and they should provide the necessary facilities for the peaceful settlement of disputes such as counseling centers. On the other hand, because of the sensitivity of adolescence and lack of knowledge of many parents on how to deal with the problems of children at this age, counseling centers, especially in schools are required to be established to teach parents how to treat with children properly. Of course, this requirement can be fulfilled through transformation of these associations and their adoption of new strategies and solutions.
    Keywords: Family conflict, Self-esteem, Adolescents, Social class
  • Mahmoudreza Mirlotfi, Fatemeh Pour Ebrahimi Pages 63-84
    Introduction
    The aging population is a universal phenomenon that all countries will come with the strength and weakness, and it is a process known as the consequence of "demographic transition" in which fertility and mortality decrease from high to low levels. The phenomenon of population aging in all aspects of human life, including age structures, values, criteria, and creation of community organizations, causes to considerable changes. Hence, dealing with the challenges ahead of it and adopting appropriate policies to improve physical, mental and social states of old persons and also promoting community development are of considerable importance. On the whole, the effects and the role of population aging on social development from multiple socio-economic aspects, such as disability and reduction of economic activity, tendency to isolation in the elderly, fertility reduction and so on can be studied. Now, Jolgah Rokh, a region of the city of Torbat Heydaryah, because of migrating of its youth, faced with increase of aging population. Therefore, in this paper, the issue of immigration, population aging and its effects and role on rural development of Jolgah Rokh, a region of the city of Torbat Heydaryah, were analyzed and it seeks to answer following questions: what are the socio economic consequences of aging population on rural development? And what kind of relationship is there between the aging of population and the level of development of villages of this region?
    Theoretical Framework: The relationship between population and development seems to be a bilinear relationship, but in fewer cases, the age structure and development have been studied. The age structure affects economic indices and economic development. If the majority of people in a community live in the ages of inactivity, such as childhood or senility, economic pressure increases on active and employed population. In these conditions, the majority of working income, used in consumption expenditure and smaller portion allocated in saving and then in investment and this could have negative effects on economic development that consequently, this issue would create difficulties in promoting other aspects of the development. It can be said that population affects the different aspects of development through parameters and a variety of dimensions that the most important dimensions are as following: economic growth, population and manpower.
    Methodology
    In this paper, we used the documentary field research methods and the analysis of secondary data. Information and required data obtained from the General Population Statistics and Housing and field survey (completing the questionnaires). In this research due to the large extent area, from the three rural districts, two rural districts named Payyn¬Rkh and Myan¬Rkh were randomly selected. The study population consisted of 3881 households in 33 villages in the two rural districts. The volume of sample villages was determined as 20 cases according to Sharp formula and correction formula. Also, to determine the sample size, the Kokeron formula was used which it resulted in 350 households and to determine the sample size based on separation of the villages the proportional allocation method was used. In order to determine young and old villages, each village having more than 15 percent of aging population (population having 65 years and over), was introduced as the old village. After determining these two groups, we analyzed the indices associated with socio-economic development of rural community in the form of a questionnaire survey in selected villages and then the consequences of the aging phenomenon on rural development was analyzed. As well as to analyze the questionnaires and to prepare the required maps the SPSS and GIS software were used orderly.
    Results And Discussions
    According to calculations conducted in the studied area, the percentage of older people in the sample villages show that villages named Roud-khanah, Chahar-hadrkht, Ghounchy, Bidestan, Vaset and Mokhtari have an old age structure, and villages named Khorram, Kouhi, Nasar, Ahmedabad Khazai, PoustynDvz,Robat - MyanDsht Sar-bala, Qeshe- robat, Mahmoud-abad, Asad-abad, Pagdar, Heshmt-abad,Nizamiyah and Noury have a young age structure. Studies showed that there is a significant difference in the average socio-economic indices between young and old villages that represents the different levels of their development. In fact, the role of population aging in old villages appeared as reduction of the development levels. To understand the relationship between population aging and the level of development, the Spearman correlation coefficient was used. Spearman correlation coefficient equal to 852/-0 and significance level of 0.000 that on this basis, it can be said that, at a confidence level of 99%, there is a fairly strong inverse relationship between the aging population and the development of villages. In other words, due to the lack of rural development and the migration of youth, we will see their aging, and on the other hand, the population aging has significant effects on the level of village development.
    Conclusion
    In this paper, after recognizing the economic and social development indices, we considered them in the studied area. Through analyzing the indices, it is determined that in the villages having younger age structure, the development level is higher than villages with old age structure. However, the young villages themselves are at different levels in comparison to each other and some are more developed than others. For example, villages such as Nasar, Qeshrobat, Sar-bala and so on have better conditions than Nizamiyah, Khorram and Kouhi that the most important reason is their young more active population. Also, after studying the immigration status of rural young population, it was clear that the rural youth were forced to do village-to-city migration due to lack of proper facilities that led to aging population and the lack of villages’ development.
    Then, after a field survey and analysis of research parameters in the study area, it can be said that economic and social consequences of population aging on development include: A) Economic consequences such as increase of dependency ratio, decrease of activity, lack of job diversity and so on.
    B) Social consequences including low motivation for innovation, low aspirations, low literacy, rigidity, reduction of rural population, disruption of age and sex composition. If the trend of decrease of young population in this area continues, in the near future we will have several haunted villages in the area that this issue itself has negative socio-economic consequences of abandonment, unused rural natural resources, water and arable land, loss of public investment, increase of migration to the cities and severe reduction of rural population, increase of the urban marginalization, unemployment in cities, and so on.
    Keywords: Aging population, Age composition, Jolgah-rokh region, The city of Torbat- Heydaryah
  • Rouhollah Khajeh Dolatabad, Saideh Garousi Pages 85-105
    Introduction
    Judgments regarding one’s beauty typically takes place based on their faces. Symmetry, youth, succulence and familiarity are the important aspects concerning biological standards of beauty. The results of studies show that a beautiful face is coded in our brain in a way that children, even during the first week after their birth, would gaze upon a beautiful face for a longer period of time. Beauty criteria regarding women’s faces are not of much difference in various cultures. Beauty standards are mostly under the influence of economic-social features in a society. The attractiveness of a man or a woman from the view of opposite sex is thought to bear implications of being healthier. The views of social constructivism assert that beauty standards are subject to social ideals which are represented through mass media as well as the fashion industry. Beautification of body and face is an approach for raising social acceptance for oneself. One of the undeniable consequences of dissatisfaction towards one’s body is the desire to alter the form of different body parts as well as changes in one’s weight and height. Such discontent toward one’s body may result in one’s inclination to inappropriate and unhealthy methods of weight change such as consumption of steroids along with weight loss and gain pills.
    Theoretical Framework: Bourdieu regards body capital as a type of cultural capital or a form of cultural resource invested within the body. A beautiful face or body may act as a place for exhibiting one’s cultural capital. According to Bourdieu’s views, physical capital refers to human body being under the influence of society by means of exercising, attendance, etc. Giddens considers body as a part of the action system. Awareness towards body conditions in order to fulfill every moment of life, perfectly, is of essential importance and in fact, logical sequence of monitoring sensory input from the environment as well as supervision towards states and situations of body’s main organs and the body itself, is considered as a complex notion.
    The concepts of control and power which are seen repeatedly in Foucault’s theories are used to analyze people’s efforts towards body beautification. Socialization of body is what Foucault had proposed as social control over body. Foucault analyzes human body in connection with the mechanisms of power. Erving Goffman’s concept of scene management shows how people desire to manipulate real conditions as they please and deem appropriate to exhibit towards others. Even though Bourdieu, Giddens and Goffman, each has looked at the body problem and the increasing tendency for changing it from a different angle, the important point is that all of them somehow demonstrate how individuals living in a society, would be influenced by social pressures on changing one’s body, regardless of their tendencies towards finding individuality as well as maintaining and presenting one’s personal identity.
    Methodology
    The present study employs grounded theory which is among qualitative research methods. Participants in the study include male students of Shahid Bahonar University. Selection of the students has been done with regards to the importance and sensitivity of identity formation and youth. Purposive sampling has been done in order to select the participants. The main technique used to collect data was in-depth reviews. Three in-depth interview techniques proposed by Pathon were employed for data collection. The main structure of data analysis in Grounded Theory is based on three coding methods including open coding, axial coding, and selective coding, which is also applied to this study. In order to reach reliability in this research, three techniques were used; First, validation through member check in which participants were asked to evaluate the overall findings and express comments regarding their accuracy. In the second technique, i.e. analytical comparison, we have referred to raw data in order to compare and analyze the theory structure with raw data. The third and final technique was auditing, during which writers had contributed in various phases of coding, conceptualizing and extracting the issues.
    Results And Discussion
    Following the extraction of initial, secondary and intermediate concepts, five main issues were identified which includes: 1. Fitness and balance regarding the multiplicities of beauty for men; 2. Sexual orientation and perception of beauty; 3. Simultaneous adherence towards conventional and unconventional sources of defining the norms concerning beauty and attractiveness; 4. Beauty based on lower cost, lesser continuity; 5. Achieving and reinstating power and dignity. From all the extracted concepts and issues, only one foundational or core notion has been obtained as: the continuity of traditional foundations in modern beautifying behavior.
    Results and Suggestions: The present study shows that the dominant criteria in a patriarchal society would shape men’s attitude toward women’s attractiveness as well as their own; it is also demonstrated how such criteria can direct men to apply prevalent criteria of beauty and attractiveness, actualizing their tendencies toward maintaining power and dignity as a result. According to the participants’ views, a handsome and attractive man possesses softness and strength at the same time. The most important factor which has caused male students pay special attention to their bodies as well as comparing them to the ideal body type, is using visual media in which the ideal male body type are presented through athletes, actors and models.
    The participants in this study, regardless of being young along with their presence in a modern scientific-cultural setting such as university, have remained faithful to traditional and conventional beliefs regarding women’s beauty to a considerable extent. Although paying attention to one’s body, especially among men, is a problem escalated from today’s society, yet we may see the fact that men would attempt to reinstate their traditional position (superiority of power and dignity) in the society through such means.
    Keywords: Beauty, Attractiveness, Men, Power, Dignity
  • Morteza Alavian, Hosein Doostmohammadi Pages 107-135
    Introduction
    Iran's Islamic Revolution that was initially started after the coup of 1932 (1955 AD), during the 25 years until 1979, in terms of formation, persistence, and practical and ideological leadership took a direction that major revolutions of 19th and 20th centuries fail to take. These revolutions believed that any change out of their framework was simply impossible. Therefore, they were wrong in that liberalism, socialism and nationalism were the only forces that can mobilize people to overthrow a government. However, right from the point where they took up opposition or linked to the counter-revolution, or with little tolerance they considered religion as a personal relationship between the individual and God, a big change emerged. Many calculations and consequently some new theories were challenged, and it provided the grounds for the formation of a dialogue about the third generation and postmodern revolutions (Nasri, 2009). Thus, Michel Foucault whose theory of history as the fault has raised two discourses. He believes that the Islamic Revolution is in direction of the evolution of Iranian society. He has divided the history of a revolution into pre and post revolution era (Ayuzi, 2013).
    As Imam Khomeini puts it, Islamic revolution is rather cultural than political (Khomeini, 1998) since it was the representation of cultural capital that provided a ground for uprising of people, thus it can be concluded that there is a strong relationship between politics and culture.
    Framework: Political culture is a new terms coined after the Second World War in development literature especially in the third world countries. The first scientist who used this term in sociology was Gabriel Almond (Alem, 2008), and then its use was further increased by Sydney Verba and Lucian Pye. It follows from total viewpoints that the political culture is a function of culture and it includes attitudes, values and beliefs of people in politics. In other words, it is political culture that determines people approach and attitude toward the political system and type of relationship between people and the government. From the viewpoint of Talcott Parsons, political culture is directly associated with society orientation linked to political objectives. (Alem, 2008). There are three types of orientations in Parson's theory of political culture: cognitive, affective and value-based.
    Political culture as a whole can be divided into three main categories: 1. Limited political culture in which people have an important role.
    2. Consequential political culture in which people follow the government.
    3. Participatory political culture in which people have a key role in the transformation and the formation of political objectives. (Ghavam, 2013).
    When the political culture is not able to establish balance between three macro, micro and mid level, it loses legitimacy and grounds for revolution are formed.
    Method
    This study is based on theoretical methods, and its data is gained by searching in books, journals and other resources. In this study, after introducing the major components and their analysis, a comparative study of the factors will be presented.
    Results And Discussion
    Discourse of Islamic Revolution is a result of change in the nature of the political culture of Iran during the decades of 1340 (1960s) and 1350 (1970s). In this process, the theory of Velayat-e Faqih and the theory of committed democracy have been effective. The two theories, during two decades, replaced static political culture with dynamic political culture. In other words, the discourse of Islamic Revolution was the result of rotation of limited political culture toward the culture of political participation (Dehshiri, 2002).
    Velayat-e Faqih and the theory of committed democracy have a lot in common. The following points are some of these commonalities.
    1. Both emphasize the establishment of an Islamic state based on religious rules.
    2. The constitution of both is rooted in Islam. Imam is among the most important words of the two theories.
    3. Both opposed the dictatorship because basically there is no dictatorship in the sovereignty of God.
    4. Both believe the imam or Islamic leader should have sufficient knowledge and moral individualities such as justice.
    5. With slight differences, both approach people in the same way and apart them a similar role in the Islamic state.
    6. Imam Khomeini and Shariati took the first steps for the overthrow of the Shah. They were both already prepared an alternative regime. The Islamic Republic of Iran was established on the basis of these two theories.
    Conclusion and Suggestions: Velayat-e Faqih and committed democracy theories have a similar role in the formation of the Islamic Revolution discourse. Two communities had a more proactive role in the discourse of Islamic Revolution: Clergymen and intellectuals. These two theories provided the grounds for propagation of political Islam, which had a central position in the discourse of the Islamic Revolution. The Islamic Republic was established on the basis of these two theories. Therefore, recognizing the role of Shariati and his theory of committed democracy in this process can cause the spread of Islamic Revolution discourse among the young and educated, and it will guarantee the path of the Islamic Revolution for a very long time.
    Keywords: Imam Khomeini, Islamic Revolution Conversation, velayat-e- faqih, Shariati, Committed Democracy
  • Sorayya Pournasiri, Dariush Boostani Pages 137-160
    Introduction
    Attention to the body dramatically increased in nowadays-modern societies. So that we have witness great theorization on body manipulation. The related theories believe that there is an interactional relationship between body and society (Giddens, 2001). Aesthetic surgery is one of the main indicators under study of the sociology of body that has prevailed in many countries including Iran. Rhinoplasty has a considerable rate among indicators of aesthetic surgeries.
    Rhinoplasty is one of the phenomena that is prevalent in large cities of Iran including Astara. Therefore, this study tries to investigate and understand the conditions, contexts, strategies and consequences of rhinoplasty process in Astara.
    Main questions of the research are: what reasons and conditions (causal, contextual and intervening conditions) account for phenomenon of rhinoplasty among the operated male and female in Astara? What are the consequences of the surgery?
    Method
    Qualitative methodology of ‘Grounded Theory (Strauss & Corbin, 1998) was used in this study. This methodology helps us to understand the structure and process of the phenomena under study. Field of the study was city of Astara, a city at the North of Iran. Twenty participants, (ages 18 - 45), including 10 women and 10 men participated in this study.
    Two sampling strategies were used for sampling the participants: maximum variation sampling (Patton, 1990) and theoretical sampling (Strauss & Corbin, 1998). According to maximum variation, different participants were selected based on their diverse characteristics such as socioeconomic status, occupation, place of settlement and age.
    Since the concepts are unit of analysis in grounded theory, another sampling strategy, theoretical sampling (Strauss & Corbin, 1998) used for sampling the concepts. The logic of theoretical sampling is “go to the place, people or events that may maximize the opportunities to discover variations among the concepts and to enrich the categories in terms of their properties and dimensions” (Strauss & Corbin, 1998, p. 201). Name of the participants are pseudonym.
    In-depth, open-ended interview was used to collect data. Interviews lasted 45-90 minutes with each participant. Three coding methods were used to analyze data; open, axial and selective (Strauss & Corbin, 1998). During these coding processes, categories and themes extracted which are main parts of the results. Finally, the paradigm model extracted.
    Also, two strategies were used to establish trustworthiness; “member checking” and auditing (Lincoln & Guba, 1985).
    Result
    Generally, data analysis yielded ten categories which are: media and influence of role models; importance and perception of beauty of nose surgery; dating and marriage motivation; prevailing of surgery; financial conditions; the collective normative pressure; reflexivity; surgery satisfaction; facilitating in social relations; and social confirmation.
    Paradigm model was used to explain conditions, process and consequences of rhinoplasty among the participants. This model is an analytical tool for researcher to relate process and structure (Strauss & Corbin, 1998). Different contexts and conditions including global and local context and conditions culminated in reception of rhinoplasty among the participants. Considerable concepts and categories affirm this situation.
    Extracted categories which comprise 10 categories, regulated in a paradigm model. Analyzing the data indicated that reasons such as being influenced by media advertisement, identification with role models, importance of beauty for the young generation, perception of beauty of nose surgery, dating and marriage motivation, are causal conditions.
    Most of participants were influenced by consequences of globalization via mass media. They identified with different kinds of role models from artist to athlete. The participants also were influenced by aesthetic standards which is prevalent in society. Most of males and females reported that their motivation for marriage was one of their reasons of operation.
    Contextual condition is prevailing of surgery and the collective normative pressure.
    Participants demonstrated that rhinoplasty has been prevalent in their city. They were under the normative pressure of their peer and people around them. Action / interaction strategies are reflexivity, searching for and selecting a doctor. Really participants under above condition, become reflexive and operant. According to the findings, consequences of reflexivity and doing rhinoplasty were satisfying.
    Discussion
    Core category of the research extracted as rhinoplasty as a reflexivity and satisfactory change. Core category indicated that participants have been reflexive on their body by rhinoplasty. This reflexivity is due to the local and glocal conditions of their living and everyday interactions. Reflexivity is an identity oriented phenomenon that is special to the new era. According to the findings, majority of the participants were satisfied on their rhinoplasty surgery. This ‘satisfactory change’ helps them to be confirmed by society and facilitate their relation.
    Conclusion
    Generally, the consequences for participants, evaluated favorable and positive. Surgery satisfaction, facilitating in social relations, and social confirmation, have been consequences of this surgery for the majority of participations.
    Keywords: Rhinoplasty, Astara, Sociology of body, Beauty surgery
  • Ali Akbar Majdi, Fardin Mohammadi Pages 161-186
    Introduction
    The concept of social capital is one of the most important concepts during two decades in various fields, especially in the field of organization. Social capital means links and communication among members of a network, providing essential social support and energy to facilitate actions through creating norms and mutual trust. Some scholars of social and behavioral sciences believe that, social capital as one of the new forms of capital plays an important role in the effectiveness of individuals. According to what was mentioned, the main question of this paper is that what the extent of relationship is between bank employees` social capital and their effectiveness of individuals? What are the effects of social capital on the effectiveness of individual bank employees? Does employees’ effectiveness of individual rise by increased social capital? So the main objective of this paper is to examine the impact of social capital on the effectiveness of individual bank employees.
    Theoretical Framework: The term of social capital was first used by an American teacher named Hanifan to determine changes that he observed in students` social relationships .Then Jacob, Gelen Loury, and Ivan Light applied social capital concept to identify social beneficial resources and human capital development. Theoretical and empirical development of social capital is indebted to efforts of some scientists such as Pierre Bourdieu, James Colman, and Robert Putnam. In this paper, James Colman theory is used for sociological analysis of the effectiveness of individual bank employees. This research has two main hypotheses and many secondary hypotheses which are independent variables. The research main hypothesis is: Bank Employees` social capital have a direct relationship with their effectiveness of individual.
    Methodology
    This is a survey study concerning research control and content. It is cross sectional in terms of time and it is applied and micro study when it comes to goal and range, respectively. This is mainly because the unit is employee. Statistical population consists of all employees in governmental section in Sanandaj in 2014. Total number of employees in governmental section was reported 476 persons in 2014. Total number of 213 employees were selected as sample volume through Cochran formula. This number rose to 220 to increase the accuracy. Relatively, stratified sampling method was used. To this end, population was organized according to governmental bank. Then, appropriate number of employees was selected in each bank. In this study, to determine measuring tool, formal validity was used. After initial test and modification, the questionnaire was distributed among management and social science researchers and scholars to standardize questions in order to reach face validity of questionnaire. To determine reliability, Alpha Cronbach method was used. To assess reliability of data collection tool, pre-test was conducted in the first stage. The first questionnaire was distributed among 40 males and females. Then, Alpha Cronbach was obtained using SPSS software.
    Results
    The results of Pearson correlation test indicate the fact that the level of correlation is reported 0.458 between independent variable of social capital and employees` effectiveness of individual. This result shows existence of positive correlation (direct) between social capital and employees` effectiveness of individual. The results of significance level also show that significance level was reported 0.000 which is less than 0.05. This result indicates that results of correlation test is significant between two variables, social capital and employees` the effectiveness of individual, and it can be generalized to statistical population by 95% confidence. Thus, the results showed a significant positive correlation between social capital and efficiency of individual employees of banks there. In other words, to increase the effectiveness of their individual employees also increased social capital. Therefore, this hypothesis is approved.
    Conclusion
    In this paper, the relationship between social capital and the effectiveness of individual bank employees was analyzed by theoretical points of views and empirical sources, then theoretical research frame was designed and the proposed hypotheses were introduced and tested. The main research hypothesis was the relationship between social capital and the effectiveness of individual bank employees. The results showed a significant positive correlation between social capital and the efficiency of individual employees. In other words, increasing the individual effectiveness of employees also increased their social capital. So, social capital plays the important role on changing effectiveness of individual bank employees. This result agrees with that of jams Colman's point of view in that he believes that employee's higher volume and capital cause to reach the effectiveness and goals of individuals. Also, research findings approve empirical results of Abolghasemi, Moradi, Narimani, and Zahed (2011), Haghighatian, Rabbani, and Kazemi(2008), and Stone, Gray, and Hugs (2003).
    Keywords: Social capital, Individual Effectiveness, State banks
  • Behrooz Behrooziyan, Ehsan Hasanvand Pages 187-212
    Introduction
    A phenomenon observed in recent years that has attracted the attention of social scholars is the change that has taken place in the values and attitudes that the society has undergone regarding girls and boys premarital relationships and friendships. Today, the societies jouvenals have come to know and experienced new values regarding sexual issues and behaviors. Despite the fact that friendships and advanced sexual relations with the opposite sex is against traditional, religious and cultural norms, it is a field of study and yet it is strictly prohibited. Based on the existing evidence however, in recent years, a few of the jouveniles have had secret relations with their opposite sex. So the main question of the study will be on the jouveniles’ premarital sexual relationships and how they understand and express it.
    Theoretical framework: Based on the philosophical – paradigmic differences, in qualitative analysis, instead of using a theoretical framework to test and codify the assumptions, a conceptual framework was used to extract the questions of this study. Instead of challenging existing theories in hypothetical forms, I have analyzed and codified a new conceptual framework. In this part of the paper, some known theories in regarding the subjects of change, action change, attitude, and behavior will be reviewed. As this study was conducted based on a method of rebuilding the society, hence, these theories were used as foundamental guiding theories for further explanations and interpretations regarding the scope of the subject understudy, or in other words, they were used to increase the theoretical sensitivity of this investigation. In this study, some of the most important relevant theories were discussed to reach the objectives of this study.
    Bauman's liquid love
    Bauman has borrowed the idea of liquid love from Giddens and has attempted to signify technological relations like the internet in this love as well. According to Bauman, the relations between the humans has undergone changes regarding quality and the most important factor causing this change is the modern life development and all its rational and calculated features, additional to its urbanization and technological relations and public network tools.This vulerbility and liquidity of modern life has effected human relatiosn in many ways and has made them fragile and temporary too. Bauman has placed human relations at the center of its work and believes that moving from solid modernity to a liquid modernity has made "love" which is one of the quite humane and personal features of human history, to a liquid and regular entity.
    Reflexivity in modernity
    In terms of Giddens, tradition and modernity have always been in conflict. Previously in traditional cultures, emphasis was on past and more honor and respect was involved. Reflection and reflexivitypreviously and traditionally meant knowing action in the context in which the action emerged, but in modern era, reflexivityfound another meaning, and it became a basis for the reproduction of system. One feature of modernism is not to look for new things but to rethink everything even rethinking itself.reflexivityhas four types: First is "Power". A researcher puts knowledge at the service of some group interests; Second is the role of "value". There is no rational basis for, values affects any changes based on reflection and rethinking. Third is unintended consequences. Rethinking in the modern world has obliterated the possibility to block undesired consequences,and they are likely to happen anytime. Fourth is the " socialknowledge circulation". The knowledge that is reflexively used in system reproduction condition.
    Method
    The research method is qualitative using grounded theory as the method for research operation. The qualitative data in this study were collected using in-depth interview technique. To analyze the data and to produce the final theory, grounded theory was used. According to snowball sampling and theoretical saturation criterion, 32 young citizens of Selsele City (Alshtar) participated in this study, and their understanding of sexual relationships before marriage was reviewed and analyzed.
    Results
    The findings were gathered by use of the "grounded theory" which contains 8 general subjects as followes: new tools of communication, pressure of friendship groups, casual behaviors, seeking sexual identity, emotional need (romantic relationships), relations based on liquid love, chance and the possibility to communicate, substituting goals. The main objective of this study was the values of liberal sexuality which contains other categories as well.
    Discussion and
    Conclusion
    In the process of making grounded theory, the abovementioned findings have shown changes in the values of the urban juveniles (Alshtar) regarding sexual issues and premarital relationships. Based on values of sexual liberty, the Alshtar juveniles had act based on the thoughts and actions of their previous generations about "premarital sexual behaviors". The participants, had acted against the values and the socio-cultural cultivations and also traditional beliefs about sexual relations and have developed a new attitude towards it
    Keywords: Youths, Sexual relation, Social interpretivism, Grounded theory, Paradigm model
  • Hossein Khosravi, Ensi Keramati Pages 213-236
    Introduction
    Creating study centers and reading improvement are symbols of intellectual and cultural development in a society. In this regard, the library culture is one of the main factors. In fact, the dominant culture in a library has an inevitable role in meeting client's needs and also in death or life of the library as a social institution. Managing the organizational culture, in any countries, is one of the main responsibilities in an organization. It means the process that managers began to realize current and preferred culture, changes or optimizes the current culture toward preferred culture, evaluates change programs, and finally preserves or supports a culture (Kavoosi & Ghaumi, 2010). In some organizations, such as The Organization of Libraries, Museums and Documents Center of Astan Quds Razavi, manager's attention toward the quality of organizational culture is so important. It is because this organization, with following long-term goals, has many sections and clients. In fact, it is one of the most important treasures of written and unwritten culture in Iran and Islam world. Not only because of the library adjacency with holy shrine of Imam Reza but also for holy shrine authoritie's efforts in years, so there are unique treasures including numerous books, reports, magazines and newspapers, audio-visual educational matters, manuscripts and rare works of antiquity of Islamic history. In that regard, identifying current culture in a library, as Kaarst, Michelle, Nicholson, Von, Gisela and Stanton (2004) put it, helps managers to take advantage from strengths and overcome to weakness with more awareness. However, a main point is: usually organization members are unaware of their organizational culture and this unawareness would be persisting as long as nobody could not identify or challenge the current culture (Cameron & Quinn, 2011). Regarding the importance of organizational culture in libraries, so the purpose of this research is to examine managers and employees’ attitudes toward current and preferred culture in The Organization of Libraries, Museums and Documents Center of Astan Quds Razavi.
    Theoretical Framework: Schein (2010) defines the culture as: A pattern of shared basic assumptions that the group learned as it solved its problems of external adaptation and internal integration that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems. There are different theories of organizational culture. Cameron and Quinn (2011) proposed one of the most popular and comprehensive theories of organizational culture which is used in this research as a theoretical framework. They believe that there are four dominant culture types including: hierarchy, market, clan and adhocracy. The "hierarchy culture" is a highly structured organizational environment that is characterized by governing formal rules on member's activities. Maintain a smooth running organization is important and the long-term concerns of the organization managers are stability and predictability. The "market culture" is oriented toward the external environment and its customers instead of internal affairs. It is focused on productions, potential customers, making money, finding effective commercial environment and creating competitive market, so the major focus of the culture is to conduct transactions (exchanges, sales, contracts) with other constituencies to create competitive advantage. In the "clan culture", interactions between members seemed more like extended families. Instead of the rules and procedures of hierarchies or the competitive profit centers of markets, typical characteristics of clan type firms were teamwork, employee involvement programs, and corporate commitment to employees. The major task of management is to empower employees and facilitate their participation, commitment and loyalty. In "adhocracy culture", innovative and pioneering initiatives are what lead to success. The major task of management is to foster entrepreneurship, creativity and activity on the cutting edge. So, employees were encouraged to formulate innovative solutions to problems and to generate new ways of providing services to clients (Cameron & Quinn, 2011).
    Methodology
    This study was carried out via descriptive method, the population consisted of all 385 employees in The Organization of Libraries, Museums and Documents Center of Astan Quds Razavi. Due to small population size and extremely low access to them, participants were 175 employees of the Organization of Libraries that they were selected based on convenient sampling. Cameron and Quinn questionnaire was used. This questionnaire was standardized by Abbassi in 2008 with a high reasonable degree of reliability (0.91). The hypotheses are the following: 1. There is a significant difference between managers and employees’ attitudes in The Organization of Libraries toward current culture.
    2. There is a significant difference between managers and employees’ attitudes in The Organization of Libraries toward preferred culture.
    Results
    Hypothesis testing indicated that there was no significant difference between managers and employees’ attitudes toward current culture. In another word, the two groups were similar in defining the current organizational culture as a hierarchical culture. Also, there was no significant difference between managers and employees’ attitudes toward preferred culture. All participants were believed that the clan culture would be the best model for effective performance in the Organization of Libraries.
    Conclusion
    In sum, result shows that hierarchical culture is dominated in the organization and it is not a suitable one; instead, both managers and employees have positive attitude toward creating a clan culture. Manager’s attitudes, beliefs, values and behaviors are important factors in creating such an appropriate culture. A manager is a culture creator that he can affect his employees’ behaviors by his way of doing things as a role model. So, for establishing a suitable culture and preventing managers’ resistance, first of all, it is important to justify them. So, managers’ awareness toward desired consequences of clan and adhocracy culture for achieving organizational goals have been increased.
    Regarding the role of organizational culture in accelerating organization development and also the time-consuming process of changing organizational culture, it is better to recognize strengths and weakness of current hierarchical culture and gradually move toward clan and adhocracy cultures.
    Keywords: Organizational Culture, Social Institute, The Organization of Libraries, Museums, Documents Center of Astan Quds Razavi