نشریه پژوهش های ادب و زبان فرانسه
سال دوم شماره 3 (بهار و تابستان 1394)

The theory of the overturned pyramid, introducing three levels for translation (lexicon, sentence, speech) analyses features and problems relating to every level. By using this theory, we offer to examine the first two levels (lexical and syntactic) in the process of the translation of French in Persian and vice versa. The accent put on certain grammatical features of the syntax as mode, the aspect, the time and complex sentence, and direct and indirect speech, allows to the translator to conceive a kind of syntax compared between both languages to analyze difference and likeness.

In this research we tried to analyze the Persian translation of three of Eric Emmanuel Schmitt’s narratives: Milarepa, Mr. Ibrahim and the flowers of Koran and Oscar and the lady in pink, using theoretical observations of Umberto Eco, stating that the translation must be world by world. This formula separates him from other theorists who see only two approaches toward translation: sourcier or cibliste which means source language or target language translation. We also applied Louis Hjelmslev’s theory of language to analyze our corpus and answer the following questions: how can the translator convey the Ideology and the “possible world” of the author? With which linguistic means he can transfer another cultural world to his own proper world? How can he remain faithful to the author’s unique style, while conveying his world at the same time? Our goal in this analysis is to show the process which the translator follows to achieve the world by world translation. This work consists of three different chapters in which we explained the theoretical observations of U. Eco and also the translator’s choices in order to realize whether he succeeded to convey the possible world of the script or not. We have also tried to show the difficulty of the translations due to the cultural and language differences between French and Farsi and the path the translator has chosen to challenge and overcome them. And to conclude our research we have stated that the translator has been indeed successful to convey the possible world, in many parts. But concerning the form of the text there has been deviations.

The aim of this paper is to study SohrabSepehri’s “Traveler” and Charles Baudelaire’s “Voyage”comparatively. These two poets were of prominent figures in the literary circle of their own time. Their fame results from the fact that both poets always tried extensively to symbolize their surroundings through a deeper representation of what seemed to exist. Despite the fact that both poets’ viewpoints concerning the themes of voyage and attempts to access the ideal world and to define the truth of existence share many similarities, there still exist many differences in their poetry, which render them simultaneously different. To recognize this opposition, one needs to note that Sepehri’s philosophy and his eastern viewpoint oppose the western philosophy of Baudelaire and separates the path in which their poetry develops. Therefore, in the present study, through a comparative analysis, some of the ideas and approaches which are introduced in these poems have been analyzed and their similarities and differences have been delineated and discussed in details.

A literary work is a piece of writing in which the conventional language is decomposed through the methods applied by the poet so that a defamiliarized language with a new system is created. The process is often called foregrounding. Structuralists consider deviation as one of the most efficient ways to create foregrounding in poetic language. This poetic device is especially observed in the works of modern Persian poets though it can also be traced in classical literature as well. In modern French poetry, on the other hand, after the romanticism and symbolism, many poets got inclined to use deviationa as a means for creating a new and different poetic language. A comparison of these works in Persian and French can show similarities in orthographic, semantic, and stylistic deviation between the two. The present paper compares Persian and French poetry focusing on such kinds of deviation.

Nowadays the importance of educational technology and digital environment is an undeniable fact. The important point is to be aware of various training dimensions of the educational technology and to introduce them to the teachers and students. The number of researches about the same subject clarifies the importance of educational Technology. First of all, we should inform this importance to the teachers and students and prepare their minds to use these technologies in training and learning processes. Therefore, we should realize social representations, level of knowledge and their interest or in using such a technology.
In this research, we are going to focus on the students’ social representations about these technologies and how effective could they be on the student's autonomy. We are going to indicate that the student's social representations have a huge influence on their prevalent practices of these technologies and also have a proximate influence on the student's autonomy in their learning process. Our Sample Rate is some of the students of foreign languages in the Faculty of Languages and foreign literature, university of Teheran. Our research device was the interview and, according to quantitative approach, we parsed the response. At the end, we are going to provide a table of the usages of the training technologies that the students referred. Our aim is to find out the strengths and weaknesses of the digital environment to present a pattern to help future researches.

Death in Installment, the second work of Ferdinand Celine, narrates the childhood and adolescence periods of Ferdinand, the story teller. This work reflects the sufferings and frustrations of the French people in the Golden Age which is well-known for being the time of carelessness and prosperity in French history. Whatever the author tries to illustrate is the lives of shopkeepers, administrative staff, as well as, children and adolescents of the middle and lower classes of the French society during the first half of the 20th century. Thus, we intend to study the social dialogues including the dialogues between members of the family, in workplaces, schools, etc…in the present research paper based on Claude Duchet's socio-critical approach which is relied on textual analysis. Then through finding the meaning of symbols and unsaid embedded in any place, character, and any signifier, we are going to achieve the Sociogram analysis of this work which is the adolescence and social dominance. With this assumption that the community illustrated in the text is a reflection of the reference society which is the same community existing in the French Golden Age, this work illustrates the worries and concerns of a generation from the narrator's point of view.