نشریه پایداری، توسعه و محیط زیست
سال سوم شماره 3 (پاییز 1395)

Access to fresh water is seen as a global problem. Close to 54/96% of the Earth''s water resources are saltwater and freshwater make up the rest of the 53/2 percent. Due to a shortage of fresh water, seawater desalination in recent years has become an important industry. The problem in arid regions that suffered from drought will be more serious. The hyper-arid climate of the Arabian Gulf makes it an excessively water-deficient region. Since a few decades ago, seawater desalination has been the most reliable source of portable water in the Gulf. Recently, many concern raise about the increasing of salt water into the sea and increased energy consumption and environmental problems caused by industrial desalination in Persian Gulf. In this study, Using DPSIR model to analyze the status quo and develop strategies to reduce the effects is presented at the end

Global warming, increasing environmental pollution and irreversible environmental changes caused by human intervention made inevitable attention to ecology and environmental issues for the future. Considering that buildings accounted itself in many countries consume 6/1 of the world's water resources, 4/1from timber harvested, 5/2 from fossil fuels and materials produced in the world and between 25 to 40 percent of total energy consumption, therefore architects of the world are seeking new ways to provide optimal living for man With the intensification of problems along with other scientists around the world. The result has been the creation of green and sustainable buildings due to environmental problems. Since one of the effective methods to understand the importance of green buildings and sustainable construction is process Review of sustainable architecture and green movement and the issues that is Cause the significance of the formation of this movement. So this research was conducted to study the formation history, purposes and principles of this movementin analytical research and interpretative approach. The results showed that the path to sustainability is not quite ascending to date but has backward returning in some periods. Therefor in order to maintain this path and achieve the ultimate goals, should be decision-making and planning in three general areas of community, environment and economy, in the field of architecture, urbanism, and

Khure Musa area with high ecological and biological importance and accommodated divers fauna can be influenced by huge pollutants industrial discharge, it is necessary to monitor in this critical environment. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one of the major groups of chemical pollutants owing to their widespread distribution in the environment and carcinogenic and mutagenic effects to living organisms.
In this study distribution and sources of 15 PAHs and their sources in the sedimentsof estuaries khure Musa were determined. Sampling and analysis were perfprmed in july 2010. Samples of sediment collected from five Estuarine, namely Jafari, Ahmadi, Ardoleh, Ghazaleh and merimos. Collected samples were immediately transferred to hexane rinsed glass jars with aluminum foil inserts and transported in dry ice to the laboratory and kept frozen at -20 °C prior to analysis. An aliquot of the samples were taken for dry weight determination. The sediments were dried with anhydrous sodium sulphate and soxhlet, following extraction for about 8 hours using dichloromethane. The extract was then charged to 1st step and 2nd step column chromatography to fractionate hydrocarbons. The fractions were analyzed by gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry (GCMS). The recovery of PAHs was more than 70%.
The total concentrations of PAHs in sediment were ranged from 703 to 3302 ng/g Dry weight. The highest concentration were observed at stations Jafari,Ahmadi and Ardoleh, respectively. The sediment samples from the khure Musa can be considered moderate to high polluted with PAHs. The results of study suggested that the main sources of PAHs in Estuaries of Khure Musa are a mixture of both pyrolitic and petrogenic with predominant petrogenic imputes in jafari estuarine.

About 70 percent of the planet Earth is covered by water. Healthy marine and coastal ecosystems provide many valuable services including food security, resources for economic growth, beach tourism and coastline protection. Also marine ecosystem is recognized as crucial reservoir of biodiversity. Considering the islands, Iran has about 5800 kilometers of coastline. In Iran, the marine resources are strategically important due to energy, shipping and trade, fishing and tourism. Health and conservation of the resources in marine ecosystem is the consequence of recognizing the challenges, sustainable planning and management, so that the marine ecosystem results in economic, social and environmental benefits. In this article, firstly, the importance of Marine Planning in the event of Sustainability is presented, then the global and local policies in Marine Planning are studied. Analyzing the current situation and global approaches, a suggested plan in sustainable marine management in format of the Sixth Plan is submitted.

Energy, as one of the inputs of production, plays an important role in a country’s growth and economic development. This influence is such that the World Bank considers energy consumption and energy acces as a way to fight poverty and achieve higher economic growth. Energy offers services for many basic needs of mankind such as health care, education, and communication. Lack of access to energy may significantly weaken people’s health, limit educational opportunities, and increase poverty. In this paper, access to electricity as a important energy is an indicator of a country’s level of development. Constant and continuous supply, delivery to remote areas, cleanness and lack of greenhouse gas emission, and renewability of electricity indicate the important role of this energy in economic development.
In this paper, the main goal of this thesis is to analyze the theorical relation and effect of economic development on electricity consumption in the set of selected countries with average income. Results from model estimation by the methods of fixed effects and generalized moments in the set of selected countries in the period 2005-2014 show that economic development has a positive and meaningful effect on electricity comsumption in the set of selected countries.

Theobjective of this research is the consideration and evaluation of the environmental training and its effect on awareness and knowledge of Oil (petrol) Company personnel. Statistical society of this research consists of 1080 personnelof Tehran Oil Refinery who participated in environment training course held by Department of Health, Safety and Environment of Oil Refinery, using Cochran formol and simple random sampling,146 persons of which selected as sample society. Spearman study of correlation coefficient showed that there is a meaningful and positive relation at the 99% level between attending in environmental education, satisfaction with the course content, with the course trainer, with teaching method, with the course time and venue, with the facilities and equipment, with the course implementation, with course evaluation and motivation to participate in training courses, and environmental knowledge of respondents. Well as there is a meaningful and positive relationat the 99% level between participation in environmental training courses, satisfaction with the course evaluation and respondent's attitudes towards the environment and polluting oil. Multiple regression analysis indicate that predictor variables explain the extent of satisfaction with the facilities and equipment, time and venue of the course, satisfaction with trainer, satisfaction with the course content (objective) 67/90%, satisfaction with the variation of the dependent variable (environmental science). And also, the variables of satisfaction with course content and extent of participating in environmental training courses 83/00% explain the rate fluctuation ofattitude towards the environment and the volatility of oil pollution.