نشریه پایداری، توسعه و محیط زیست
سال یکم شماره 3 (پاییز 1393)

This research shows one year dosimeter data collection on a certain number of oil industry workers who were engaged in well logging procedures. It also shows the result of a survey conducted based on the emission of radioactive substances in the work place. Based on all the information gathered, we can conclude that, "radioisotopes can be used in oil industries without a noticeable danger to workers and environment. However, those workers who are exposed to the radiation must be aware of possible dangers and they must follow specific procedures to prevent the ionizing radiation exposure''. In the present study, we measured the amount of annual ionizing radiation exposure, ranging from the lowest of 0.25 milli-sievert to the highest of 1.44 milli-sievert. Also, it is estimated that the amount of environmental exposure is 300000 milli-sievert. In addition, studying the medical files of those members of staff who were exposed to ionizing radiation did not show any evidence of exposure related to ionizing radiation, in particular to Neutron exposure.

This research is conducted in order to survey the destructive – bio environmental effects of the GalandRood coal mine in the northern foothills of the Alborz mountain, Noshahr township and the Chamestan coal washing factory situated in the Noor township. The sampling was executed in 20 points of the water and soil of the mentioned regions, including: mine, 2 fountains in the upward and downward of the mine, the coal washing factory and 3 gardens around the factory, rivers and the mine. To study the pH, Chemical Oxygen Dissolve (COD) and three heavy metals of the cadmium, lead and nickel the samples of the water and soil were performed. The samplings were done in two seasons of the spring and autumn (March and November).The tests and analyses, which performed in the above steps, indicate that the quantity of pH ranges between 6 to 7 and the quantity of the COD lies in a medium range between 9 to 24. In most of the samples, the amount of COD ranges between 72 to 82 (output of the mine and coal washing)in 2 samples, which the amount of these numbers is not out of the standard limit and not led to the pollution of the environment. The quantity of the heavy metals in the water and soil of the under – studied regions has not been accompanied by the particular pollution. It should be taken to consideration that the mineralized region and the existence of the coal,as well as plant fertilizers resulting from the trees of the region, can be the cause of high quantity of cadmium and nickel in soil of the mine(a little above the standard point) and it could be a natural phenomena. The under – studied mine and coal washing factory have not shown a particular and chronic pollution in the region from the view point of the contamination of the water, but the ill effects of releasing or discharging the waste materials or trashes available around the mine, and also, the accumulation of the waste materials or trashes around the coal – washing factories must be hinted as well, which these agents have been led to the existence of the unpleasant views and effect on the ecosystem and the biodiversity of the under – studied limits.

Iran with an annual average rainfall of 250 mm is faced with the problem of dehydration and nonuniform distribution of water resources. Scarcity of water on the one hand, and the enormous costs on the other hand, is considered productivity and economic value of water as one of the most important national goal. Consumption of Water in agricultural sector includes about 90 percent of the country´s water consumption, so the economic value of water in agriculture is one of the most important priorities in water resources management. In this study the economic value of water based on basic function of social welfare for wheet producers in Yazd (Heart - khatam) was analyzed. Required data and information has been obtained from 100 questionnaires using two-stage cluster sampling in 1387.Based on these information social welfare function has been estimated via Eviews 5 software. The results show the existence of decreasing return to scale for wheet production in the region.The marginal productivity of production factors , water, labor and pesticides respectively 1/4, 65 and 1113 kg per unit. Also producers are willing to sacrifice to 0/228 unit and 0/0067 unit of water to obtion and use one additional unit of labor and pesticides. The value of Marginal productivity of factors price ration water, labor and pesticides has been estimated respectively 0/0049, 0/0005 and 0/0159 Actual economic value of water , 12,593 Rials, differes significantly from current value 277/4 Rials) in region which leads to excessive withdrawal of groundwater in the region. The shadow price of labor and pesticides are 604,500 and 10,350,900 Rials respectively. Price and income elasticity of demend water for has been estimated 15/33 and 45/329 respectively.

Wetlands are the most productive aquatic ecosystems which play an important role from ecological, biodiversity and socio-economic viewpoints. The importance of wetlands for human beings was recognized since long ago so that the role of these habitats is undeniable for survival and development of ancient cultures. Nevertheless, wetlands are the most threatened habitats which this is resulted from drying and land use changes, pollution and excessive harvest from wetland species. Therefore, the importance of wetlands for protecting and sustainable use of this ecosystem requires particular arrangements in order to protect it in the best manner. Ramsar International Convention in 1971 was a measure in this direction. Islamic Republic of Iran joined Ramsar Convention in 1975 and until 2008 registered 22 international wetlands as Ramsar Sites as vast as 1481147ha. Since article 9 of civil code asserts that “agreed regulations between Iran and other countries are regarded as laws “The convention is binding and Iran as a contracting party is bound to enforce its guidelines. The present article deals with enforcement of Ramsar Convention in Iran.

Shimbar Protected Area, with an approximate area of 54000 ha, is located in northeastern Khuzestan Province, a district in Masjed Soleyman County. Tourist attractions in the region make it as one of the most promising areas for ecotourism development. In this regard, land capability evaluation is an appropriate tool to achieve the goals of tourism development. The present study was carried out to evaluate ecological capability of Shimbar Protected Area for tourism development using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method in Geographic Information System (GIS). For this, the most important criteria affecting ecotourism development in the protected area were identified using Delphi Questionnaire and expertise opinion. According to which, a total number of 7 main criteria and 14 sub-criteria were identified. In the next step, the main- and sub-criteria were compared pairwisely. The weight of each level of the hierarchy was judged using Expert Choice Software. Finally, the required map layers were weighted and all of the weighted criteria maps that had already been prepared in the scale of 1:250000 were converted from vector format into the raster to be overlaid in GIS. According to the results, slope was recognized as a key factor in ecological land capability evaluation of the study area. Processing data by GIS, the map of suitable, averagely suitable, and unsuitable zones for ecotourism development were prepared. The obtained results revealed that out of the entire study area, 5785 ha (11%) has a suitable capability, 39744 ha (73%) has a medium suitability and 168630 ha (16%) has a poor capability for ecotourism development.

Wetlands are one of the simple and useful tools for rural wastewater treatment. Artificial wetlands are very economical for municipal and industrial wastewater treatments, as these wastewater treatment plants need low energy and budget in both surface and subsurface wetland system forms. In this study, the capability of Yucca filamentosa wood (herbaceous system) to remove Nitrogen and Phosphorus from wastewater was investigated in an artificial wetland with horizontal subsurface flow in Moradtapeh village, Eshtehard city, Alborz province, Iran. The average removal efficiency rates of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in the artificial wetland system were about 87.3% and 83.06%, respectively. The nutrient removal efficiency significantly increased, compared to artificial everglade systems as the efficiency of everglade systems decreases in cold seasons. In summary, use of herbaceous systems for the treatment of wastewater is highly recommended in Iran, because of their various advantages such as low energy consumption, low manufacturing costs and no need for complex facilities or specialists.