مجله طب پیشگیری
سال سوم شماره 3 (پیاپی 9، پاییز 1395)

Tuberculosis is one of the most significant public health problems. In this paper, the treatment outcome of TB patients referred to Faculty of Medical Sciences and Health Services of Iranshahr, for the evaluation of the treatment strategies efficacy was studied.
This study was a retrospective cross-sectional and the data were collected through census method. Descriptive analysis was used for qualitative and quantitative variables and chi-square tests, t-test, and logistic regression were used for other comparisons.
In this study, 1621 patients were investigated that 49.7% of them were male and the rest were female. Bivariate analysis between gender, age, weight, disease type, sputum smear result (beginning, second month, fourth month, and end of the therapy), residing in prison, new case, nationality, and HIV infection showed statistically no significant relationship with the treatment outcome. According to logistic regression analysis, the relationship between smear result of the patients at the end of the second month and treatment outcome was not significant, but there was a statistically significant relationship between the results of two months after maintenance treatment beginning and the treatment outcome.
Short-term standard treatment strategy under direct supervision, treatment monitoring, ensuring treatment compliance, following-up treatment of travelers and migrants, and proper nutrition would be effective to achieve optimal outcome. Key words: Tuberculosis, Treatment outcome, Iranshahr Key words: Tuberculosis, Treatment outcome, Iranshahr

Given the increasing growth and importance of net and computer in people’s daily life, internet becomes more and more accessible nowadays. This global network is informative, exciting, interesting, and attractive. However, internet alongside its benefits has some disadvantages including internet addiction. Therefore, the present study aims to study the level of addiction to internet among internet center's users of Birjand county.
This is an analytical and cross-sectional study and study population includes all internet centers’ users of Birjand in the first half of 2016. To conduct this study, 250 net users were selected through random sampling. Data were collected by Kimberli Yung’s Standard Questionnaire of Internet Addiction Diagnosis. Descriptive and analytical statistics were applied for data analysis.
In the present study, 250 internet users participated that 51.2% and 48.8% of them were male and female, respectively. Samples were classified into 4 groups according to their scores in Yung’s test of internet addiction. The results of the present study indicate that 62%, 6.8%, 26% and 5.2% of users were respectively afflicted with minor, usual, medium, and sever level of internet addiction. Mean score of dependency to internet was 15.1± 42.12 indicating the minor dependence of samples to internet.
Given the high prevalence of internet addiction, it is suggested that this issue be taken into account. In this regard, health authorities should plan educational programs towards appropriate internet usage and culture.

Dentists are a vulnerable group who are at risk of hearing loss. This study aimed to investigate the effects of ambient noise on dentists. This cross-sectional study was carried out on residents and professors working in School of
Dentistry in Ahvaz University of Medical Sciences in 1394. Audiometry tests using a standard acoustic chamber with a frequency range of 125 Hz to 8000 was performed. Survey questionnaires were completed in the hearing session. Data were collected confidentialy and the results published without including the names of dentists. The results of this study were analyzed using SPSS version 22.
In 35 percent of studied dentists at least a degree of hearing loss in one ear was detected. The hearing loss rates in the right and left ear were 35% and 23% respectively. Cases with hearing loss among women were more than men. There was no relationship between job experience and hearing loss. There was no significant relationship between the dentist's age and hearing loss.
Best solution for dentists hearing loss control is enforcement of standards of noisy work equipments. The use of silencer as well as proper insulation of devices such as compressors can also be useful. Keywords: Hearing loss, audiometry, Dentists

Diabetes is the most common metabolic disorder in humans and its management through self-care is required. Since there is no documentation of the patient's experience or understanding of the concept of self-care and the concept of care of patients with diabetes can play a role in the design of functional models of care in these patients, this study designed to explain the concept of self-care of patients with diabetes type II.
In this qualitative content analysis study enrolled fifteen 33-68 year-old men and women with type II diabetes who were selected through purposeful sampling in Rudan city. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews. Interviews carried out using an interview guide for the duration of 25-55 minutes. To analyze the data, qualitative content analysis method was used.
By analyzing data on the self-care concept two main categories including the protective aspect of self-care and the economic aspect of self-care were extracted. The protective aspect of self-care consists of three subcategories including personal protection, family protection, and protection of society and economic aspects of self-care consists of two subcategories including economy of families and the economy of society.
The various distinct aspects of the concept of self-care which were obtained in this study can be used as the basis for planning a successful self-care training program. Keywords: Self-care, Diabetes, Qualitative Research.

Raw vegetables and fruits can play as an infection risk factor for gastrointestinal system and it created a health concern for using these foods. Widespread outbreaks of illness associated with the consumption of foods that have affected thousands of people around the world, highlight the potential hazards of this food has. This study aimed to evaluate the microbial quality of ready to eat vegetable salads in restaurants in Bandar Abbas.
There are 90 restaurants in the Bandar Abbas and 30% of them were selected in a randomized cluster model. Salad samples were tested for total bacteria count, staphylococcus aureus, total coliform and E. coli. Statitistical analysis was performed using SPSS 16 and ANOVA, Fisher's exact test, and Paired T-test were used.
According to the results, 60% of the samples were contaminated to E.coli. Most infections were observed in Season salad (83.3) while cucumber and carrot salad had no contamination. Among all samples, contamination rate for the total count microbes was 10% and Season salad was the most contaminated. Most contamination rate to S. aureus was related to pasta salad (40%) and the highest rate of infection to Enterococcus Sp was observed in lettuce and Season salads (43.8 and 38.9 respectively).
Hygiene compliance in various stages of food preparation and storing and respecting the environmental sanitation is necessary to promote the bacteriological quality of ready to use salads at restaurants.

The policy of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education has always been substitution of contraceptive methods that had further failure with less failure contraceptive methods by training and consulting. But despite the enormous efforts still the prevalence of failures is high. This study aimed to investigate the factors influencing the use of contraceptive methods among married women referred to health centers in Qorveh city.
This cross-sectional study was performed on 200 married women referring to rural and urban health centers. Sampling method was stratified according to ethnicity (Kurd, Turk, and Fars) and religion (Sunni and Shia). At first, five health centers in urban and 5 rural health centers were selected with various ethnicities and religions. Then cluster random sampling was used and 20 participants were selected from each health center. For data collection a questionnaire on demographic information and the contraceptive methods was used. To analyze data, descriptive and analytic statistical methods using SPSS version 20 was used.
Education, spouse education, and training about the use of contraceptive methods had significant relationship with the use of contraceptive methods (P 0.05). Age group, job, and history of the contraceptive use had not relationship with the current use of contraceptives (P >0.05).
Although religion is an important factor in the use of contraceptives, religion and ethnicity did not affect the use of contraceptives in Qorveh. Religious and ethnic differences did not affect the health belief of Qorveh people.

Job stress can be defined as a psychological state which results from an imbalance between job demands and human capabilities as well as the inability of a person to overcome the job demands. Genetics and environment are two factors affecting the level of job stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between CYP1A1 gene polymorphism and job stress in workers of a jetty in the south of Iran.
In this cross-sectional study enrolled all 170 employees of Bandar Abbas Shahid Bahonar jetty. The US Institute of Mental Health job stress questionnaire was used to determine the job stress level. The questionnaire contained 58 questions including 3 dimensions as interpersonal (26 items), physical conditions (22 items) and job interest (10 questions). Each question is scored from 1 to 5. Based on this questionnaire the stress levels categorized as lower stress, normal stress and high stress. Another questionnaire was used to measure the job satisfaction. Job satisfaction questionnaire contained 36 questions and the options of the questionnaire were scored from 1 to 6. The questionnaire examined the various dimensions of job satisfaction including salary, promotion, supervision, benefits, rewards, working conditions, colleagues, nature of work and communication. To determine genetic polymorphisms of CYP1A1, DRD4 and 5-HTT blood samples were taken from each of the subjects. Then, genomic DNA was extracted from white blood cells and genetic polymorphisms were determined by PCR technique.
The distribution of employees on different levels of job stress showed that in all dimensions, most of workers had high level of job stress. In addition, in total, 76.8 percent of the all studied workers had high level of job stress. Since using the available methods and instruments in this study the polymorphism of 5_HTT and DRD4 genes were not determined, the polymorphism of CYP1A1 gene and its relationship with job stress was considered. According to the results no significant difference between the mean stress scores of two different morphs of CYP1A1 gene was observed.
The results of this study did not show a relationship between genetic factors and the level of job stress. On the contrary, this study showed that environmental factors such as working conditions and communication are factors that can be considered as predictors of job stress level. Accordingly, it is recommended to consider non-genetic factors such as communication and salary to reduce the job stress level.

Nowadays different techniques are used for ergonomic risk assessment of repetitive tasks. The aim of the present study was to investigate the degree of upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders and to assess the risk of repetitive tasks of assembly line workers in a refrigerator industry.
To conduct this descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study, first of all, the worksheet of task descriptions was completed for recording task data related to 17 assemblers. After determining tasks and sub-tasks of each workstation, ergonomic risk of the assemblers’ upper limbs states was assessed via the Assessment of Repetitive Tasks (ART) tool. The data were analyzed using SPSS-19.
According to the findings, the highest risk score for the right and left hands are related to installing internal vacuums (Risk Score=27) and refrigerator evaporators (Risk Score=22), respectively. In addition, the total risk score in the workstation of connecting upper parts of refrigerators was higher than the total scores of other assembly stations. The present study indicated that the risk level of musculoskeletal disorders of right hands is higher than that of the left hands.
The results of the present study indicated that the risk of musculoskeletal disorders in repetitive tasks in the assembly job is relatively high and requires further investigations, training workers about correct principles of ergonomics, and appropriate design of workstations.