نشریه نقد ادب معاصر عربی
پیاپی 11 (پاییز و زمستان 1395)

One of the characteristics of the contemporary Arab poetry in general and the Palastinian resistance poetry in particular is the application of extensive symbols through which poets implicitly express their thoughts. Using symbols in his poetry, Ez-al-din Monasereh depicts the tyranny of the occupier over the Palestinians to challenge the atrocities committed by the Zionist regimein Palestine. Using a descriptive-analytic approach, the present paper attempts to investigate the representative symbols for the Palestine occupiers so as to decode them. The results show that the poet has used symbols such as Viper, Wolf, Pig, and ringdove to reveal the occupiers’ brutal nature and their alienation with Palestine. While defending the legitimacy of the Palestinian demands, Ez-al-din Monasereh uses symbols to reveal the falsehood state of the occupiers regarding the right of residence and civilization in Palestine.

In today's world, scholars and experts are calling for ways to promote their own ideas in different ways. Art and literature, especially fiction has a more influential role than the others in this context. Since 1940, the effort of prominent scholars has led to the growth and prosperity of the Islamic stories so that in the fifties, the Islamic literature was presented as a literary school with its own inherent characteristics.
Najib Kilany (1931-1995) is an Arab contemporary writer and among the theorists in Islamic literature. The current paper attempts to examine the elements of the story Hekayat Tabib by Kilany so as to explore the manifestations of Islamic literature in such a collection. To this end, after a short review of Kilany,s biography we will consider his viewpoints on the Islamic literature and then examine the story elements of Hekayat Tabibbased on Islamic literature approach. Through examining the themes, characters, dialogue, and descriptions, it can be observed that Kilany has incorporated certain manifestations of Islamic literature in the stories. Hence, Hekayat Tabib can be regarded as one of the realizations of Islamic stories.

During the 20th century, the inroad of colonizers and their agents in most countries, especially Arabian countries from economic, cultural and economic perspectives led their scientists, thinkers, and poets to make their utmost effort to counter the colonizers and enlighten the people. Making use of ancient legends is among the ways most poets including Badr Shakir Al sayyab have chosen to reach their political objectives. In addition to a parallel application and in line with the legend stream, this Iraqi poet has made novel attempts to avoid the norms and have an inverse use of legend. In this study, Sayyab’s aversion of the norms, reasons and motivations of his parallel and inverse use of seven trips of Sinbad myth have been investigated using a descriptive-analytic approach in line with some of his poems. Our findings indicate that Sinbad is the symbol of the poet, as Sayyab travels to different countries in pursuit of possible cure so as to get rid of his disease. In contrast to the amazing and successful travels of Sinbad, there are no signs of any personal, social and political recovery of Sayyab’s disease which could be considered as an achievement. All of his efforts to find remedy turns out to be utterly fruitless. In fact, any trip incongruent with the stream of Thousand and One Nights story can provide grounds for a bitter failure.

Philippe Hamon, a contemporary French theorist, is among the experts who has examined the character element from a new dimension. Since the theory has included the views of earlier theorists, it is one of the most comprehensive and perfect theories about character element and is based on four principles of character types including (a) reference characters (historical, social, mythological and figurative), mediator and pointer characters (indicating writer and reader), (b) signified character (referent), (c) character signifier, and (d) levels of characterization. Character plays a prominent role in the novel "My aunt Safiya and convent" by the contemporary Egyptian novelist Bahaa Taher. Using a descriptive-analytic approach, the current study intends to study the character element in the novel from the viewpoint of Philippe Hamon. The obtained results indicate that Bahaa Taher, while using the historical, social and figurative characters in the novel, has paved the way for all characters to be present in the story and has considered a proper position for both writer and reader. Through a description of superficial, internal and social dimensions of the characters, he has presented perfect images of characters for readers. Additionally, he has allowed the narrator to refer to the signified character and has tried to select the names (signifier) for the characters implying a correspondence between the names and their character traits.

Sociology of literature, one of the new and efficient methods of literary criticism, evaluates the relationship between literature and social issues and also the social status of writers and readers so as to determine the status of various social classes and the homologous and contradictory behavior and interactions of social structures in a certain era.. Ahmed Matar is one of the popular contemporary poets of Arab world who has always demonstrated excessive sensitivity towards social circumstances and events of his community demonstrating his commitment and idealism. Using a descriptive-analytic approach, the present study aims to study and explain the problem of economic poverty and social inequality in the poetry of Ahmad Matar, relying on sociological theories and resources. The results indicate that the poet has a particular attention to poverty issue as it is among the most agonizing social problems leading to a variety of misbehaviors and social illnesses. Reflecting the poverty and problems caused by this social phenomenon in his works, the poet voices his objection trying tocreate awareness in the audience and eliminate class conflict.

Narrative dialogues refer to all the conversations in a narrative text cited by the narrator. These dialogues are altered by the narrator in different ways. Representing the narrative conversations can be revealing in reviewing a story especially in narrative discourse analysis through which one can gain more awareness of narrative methods, writers’ style and the relationship between the narrator and character. Using content analysis, the present study scrutinizes the narrative dialogues in two stories, namely NakhlaAlaljadval and DomaVod Hamed by Tayyeb Saleh, a contemporary Sudanese novelist. The purpose of the paper is to study the stylistic aspects of dialogues in the two stories and the way they are reflected due to brevity and conciseness of such a narration. The results indicate the high frequency of direct and indirect speech in both stories which can be attributed to the realism element and omniscient narrator. The conciseness of the short stories has led to the avoidance of direct free method. It has also made the majority of the dialogues among the characters brief. Such a conciseness, however, has neither affected the coherence nor caused long and boring suspensions in the two stories in the two stories.

Nostalgia is a deep longing and homesickness along with a bittersweet feeling towards objects, people and the past events. Traditionally, enthusiasm and a desire to return home to visit relatives have been the common theme in the past poets and writers’ works. Adnan Alsaygh is among the poets who were forced to leave home due to the chaotic situation in Iraq and the persecution of the government. The most important manifestation of homesickness in his poems is reflected in his desire and longing for his native country embracing all his relatives and friends. Using a descriptive-analytic approach, the present study intends to analyze the different forms of patriotism in his poetry along with the manifestations of homesickness, the remembrance of the past, the role of colonizer in the poet’s exile, and utopia of exile poets in "Maraya Le shareha al-Taweel" and "Sama fi Khozeh". The findings reveal that the poet has such a strong enthusiasm for his homeland that he constantly weeps and enthusiastically writes about his homeland problems and his bittersweet past leading to his peacefulness.

The element of character along its actions, reactions, dialogues, and monologues has an important role in the advancement and development of events in stories. In addition, a character is representative of emotions and beliefs of writers. Therefore, characterization has a particular importance in fictional literature.
Through creating symbolic characters, Ghassan Kanafani, in the novel Returning to Haifa, has expressed his own ethical and social messages on the part of the characters. The significance of this realistic novel is that the writer, in the conflicts among characters of the story who are representative of “Arab” and “Zionist” ethnicities, has stated the events unbiasedly. In addition, the characters in this novel have been characterized from different aspects such as physical, psychological, social, intellectual as well as the evolution and type.
Using a descriptive-analytic method, the present study investigates the mode of characterization in the novel Returning to Haifa. To realize this aim, the characters are investigated in terms of quality, centrality, evolution, and type. In addition, the effect of a number of fictional elements particularly dialogues and conflicts on characterization of the novel is explored.
The results indicate that Ghassan Kanafani has mostly used the indirect method for characterization. Furthermore, the indirect characterization has mostly been created via dialogues among characters.

Zoghagh Almadagh is one of the most prominent novels by Najib Mahfooz in which the events concerning World War II are depicted. In this novel, there are various characters belonging to a variety of social classes. This study aims to offer a literary-psychological analysis of this novel in line with the principles of psychological criticism. It pursues to analyze the characterization varieties of the novel along with their special features and further state the purpose of Najib Mahfooz for creating such personality types. This study is a descriptive-analytic reserach attempting to address these questions: What is the aim of "Naghib Mahfouz" behind the creation of such personality types? What factors are more effective in building and shaping the characters of this novel? How are Hamida’s inner world conflicts formed and what are the consequences? What are the factors leading Hussain Kersha to the superiority sense of revenge and what happens in the end? How are the abnormal and sadistic behaviors of Zita reflected? How do the Salim Alwan’s paranoid behaviors emerge and what effect do they leave on his life? Based on the study findings, Najib Mahfooz has mostly delved into the personality and psychological issues in this novel. He portrays the unpleasant social, economic and cultural situations in the Egyptian society in 1930s and World War II by creating various character types and conveys the problems faced by the people to the readers the reflection of which can be observed within the novel characters. All the characters face an unfavorable destiny rooted in the critical situation of their life period.

The novel ‘HinaTaracnaal-Jisr’ is written by Abd Al-rahmanmonif, a contemporary Arab author which is known as “the old man & the sea” in Arab’s literary story. In this novel, the author through modern narration has been able to cross his thoughts audience in a very attractive way and get his goal which has been involving the story. Using a descriptive-analytic approach, This research, after having had glance at the narration technique of the Stream of consciousness progressive fluid which is considered as one of the modern story telling technique, is devoted to finding the features of this narration technique in this afore mentioned novel and also using the presence of narration technique, language, ambiguity, time and schema.The result is Hinataracna al-jisr research should be considered among the outstanding novels of stream of consciousness. For the linguistically direct interior monologue narrative techniques used in integrated and non-integrated elements and language and the language in no logical order. The ambiguity of his novels and poetry Gong and jump around in time for ambiguity has added this story slash and irregular events.