نشریه آفاق الحضاره الاسلامیه
سال هفدهم شماره 2 (الخریف و الشتاء 1436)

Synonymy is one of the central topics in both modern and traditional linguistics. There have been different discussions around synonymy such as disagreement about its acceptance or denial, the rate of dynamicity, capability, and domain of application and the ways of applying it. The importance of synonymy arises when the relation between word and meaning forms as a consequence of users’ communication. Therefore, the truth of synonymy is a subject which is primarily related to meaning and the changes in meaning that occur during the course of use. Accordingly, the present study used a descriptive-analytic method to discuss synonymy in the words of Nahj al-Balaghah, and the following results were obtained: First, synonymy does not mean absolute agreement in meaning and equality in concept, for if it was the case, it would be called equal words. Second, synonymy does exist in Arabic language but not as much as what is thought to be. This could be because of the mistake of the collectors of words and their methods in collecting them. Third, because of differences in meaning, the words of Nahj al-Balaghah are not synonymous with each other and consequently there is no synonymy in this book. Fourth, the verbal structure of Nahj al-Balaghah is chosen according to its social context.

Stylistics as a new method of text analysis explores the overall structure of texts. An author’s use of repetition as well as other linguistic and literary elements is among the most prominent stylistic features intended to create an effective expression. Since The Nahj al-Balaghah is one of the most important religious books, and has a great literary value, it has always attracted the attention of literary scholars. Using an analytic-descriptive method and focusing on important descriptive stylistic levels, i.e. phonological, semantic, syntactic, the present study aims at analyzing the will of Imam Ali (a.s.), which is in the form of the 31st letter addressed to Imam Hassan (a.s.). The internal music that appears in the form of rhyme and repetition is a major component of this letter. Moreover, the careful choice of words and the use of ‘alifmadda’ has added to the musical value of the letter. Additionally, these quence of synonyms and the frequent use of pronouns has created a coherent and cohesive text.

The smallest structure of a language which makes words, sentences and verses and is the basic element of the Quranic miracle is a phoneme. The phonemes are studied in two aspects: 1. each phoneme itself that is concentrated on the qualities and the vent which its sounds out; 2. The combination of the phonemes which is concentrated on the segments, spaces and … The interpreters of the Quran have a large amount of attention on the implications of the juridical verses of the Quran and paid the least attention on other aspects such as the phonetics of these verses. This aspect of the juridical verses is very important and the researchers have doubts on the issue. The survey is about the phonetics of the Quranic verses concerning Hijab in an analytic-descriptive and statistical method and shows that the musical aspects of the verses is related with its content. The music is also relevant with the intensiveness of the rules given in the verses and should be considered as one of the basic facts of expression. In other words, every speech has its own music and if the intonation and the content match each other, the speech will have more effect on the audience. The result is that: the music of sentences differs by their content so when there is intensity, the intensive and hard phoneme is used and when a kind of modesty in the speech is used the phonemes that are used are quieter. There are whistle sounds at the moments which is closer to the audience. There are medium segments at the places where the speech is length full and when the speech is related with modesty short segments are used.

Maqama has been introduced to the Islamic East by Badi' al-Zaman al-Hamadani and Hariri. This type of prose gain popularity among Andalusian writers, and some of them, such as Sarakosti, al-Wahrani, and al-Azodi, created Maqamat. Literature is a mirror that reflects the economic and social characteristics of an era. However, the above-mentioned Maqamat did not reflect the real role and of women and their fields of activities. Rather, they gave women negative and marginal roles. This is while the Andalusian women were educated and had a great role in the literature and culture of Andalusia. The results of this paper, which used a descriptive-analytic method, suggested that women have a prominent presence in the Maqama of Sarakosti while they have no estimable status in the Maqama of Azodi. It is only in Wahrani’s Maqama Shams al-Khulafa that the Andalusian women can be seen in their real role. Among the reasons for the negative views towards women are: 1) ideological issues; because the writers of Maqamat depicted popular views not the real ones; 2) prejudiced of men; because the discourse of men were dominant in literature; 3) social reasons, such as urbanization and plenitude of slave girls; 4) cultural reasons, such as the communication between the Arab Andalusians with foreigners, and the awareness of stories that depicted deceptive women.

Muslims nowadays need to be present on the international stage. This involves living together with non-Muslims, especially the People of the Book. This sort of life and interaction has different political, cultural, economic, and military aspects. The belief that non-Muslims are impure (najes) causes hardship to the Muslims; and is incompatible with human dignity, which is acknowledged by The Quran and the tradition of the Prophet. Reason tells us that man is pure by nature unless he comes into contact with impure things, which is only accidental. This research is concerned with a critical examination of the problem of the impurity of non-Muslims based on arguments derived from The Quran and traditions.

Due to his multifaceted personality, Jamil Zahavi was significant in scientific, philosophical, political and literary aspects. Throughout his poems, Zahavi emerges like a competent sociologist who is aware of the labyrinth of the issues of the Islamic East and feels it is his duty to cast light on the minor and major reasons behind the underdevelopment of his era. The word "East" or its equivalents are widespread in his poems. He holds that the East, despite its effulgent and progressive past, has gone downhill into degradation. Employing descriptive-exploratory method, the present study strives to study the reasons behind the underdevelopment of the Islamic East from Zahavi's perspective.