نشریه آفاق الحضاره الاسلامیه
سال شانزدهم شماره 1 (الربیع و الصیف 1434)

The Encyclopedia of Islam (Leiden) is one of the most Important / out–standing appearance of a descriptive–historical or phenomenon–logical attitude to the western Islamic studies. Also it is considered the symbol of specialization in the studies. Since History, culture and civilization of Iran pre /after Islam) and shi, ism are among the Important topics of Islamic studies, we show that how the learned Iranian researchers and authors who more Familiar, with the various aspects of Iranian /shiI studies, start to write entries for the encyclopedia. Studies showed that Iranian's cooperation with this encyclopedia was few and this cooperation was more about literature and history of Iran; not knowing common scientific languages, not awarding of new scientific methods and encyclopedia writing techniques, and not having belief and trust in Orientalism and lack of readiness of Iran's scientific community (quantitatively) in providing scientific research institutes and sometimes their weak management have caused this few cooperation.

The Imams of Ahl al-Bayt (‘a) have applied three methods in dealing with rulers as follows: taqiyyah (assimilation), armed struggle, and occultation. They have applied taqiyyah for keeping the unity among Muslims and their followers. This does not mean that they have kept silent and did not care about Muslims, rather they had active role in social life. An example of this active role is the Imams’ contact with their followers through establishment of an extensive net of representatives. This net has been very active from the time of the ninth Imam to the eleventh. This is considered an example of the Imams’ struggle to communicate with people. Armed struggle against political rulers is a method utilized only by Imam al-Husayn (‘a), not the other Imams (‘a). Also, the occultation pertains to Imam Mahdi, the twelfth Imam. It is by order of Allah, the Exalted, and it will continue until God Almighty orders him to reappear to fill the earth with justice as it was filled with oppression. My discussion here relies on books of history of Islam particularly the conducts of Ahl al-Bayt (‘a) and the method is dwcriptive-analytical.

At the basis of worshiping by humans and all other being a deity is revealed. that means there is a God who is also the creator and the only one .He is beyond time and cannot be imagined in particular space. Only the relationship of man with his God satisfies his need to worship, for this relationship is the way to reach to the presence of One God. Reaching God does not come from man’s need to worship but stems from the understanding of God by man .surely, understandings may go wrong, for exploring through history reveals that man’s understanding has witnessed monotheism, polytheism, and eve total denial, yet at the end there has always been some kind of worshiping.

The relations of Abbasid state and Bizans Empire were more hostile in Rashid era. On the other hand, the good understanding of Abbasid and Westerns was one of the most important reasons of this hostility because they were very frightened of their cooperation and this factor continued until Mamun era. Great Sharlman succeeded his father, Pepin, and in this era, his relation with Ghostantaniyyeh was not good and this relation was not suitable in his fathers era, too. The Pope wanted to use Shalmans power so he became interested in crowning. He anointed him with holy oil and in the late of 8th century, he put crown on his head. Sharlman had to keep his diplomatic relations with Baghdad because Omayyad state in Andolosia was the common enemy of him and Baghdad. So Sharlman concluded an agreement with Harun-o-Rashid for the sake of political benefits. These factors caused political relations between Harun-o-Rashid and Great Sharlman.

In the Islamic civilization and our era, a lot of literary critics became famous, but we hardly ever remember the writer of Alghadir, Alameh Abdulhussein Amini, as a great literary critic. In fact he is skillful in his work and use exact meaning in his literature works. Yet the writers have forgotten him as a literary critic or theyhave indicated that they forget him. In this essay, I would like to discover his critic and literature personality in brief as well as his thoughts about Shiite literature and I focus my work on Shiite poems. Alameh Amini has a high verve in the Shiite literature and by this verve, he had viewpoints in the literature. Without his knowledge about literature he couldn’t do great works specially in the committed literature. The method of this essay is descriptive–analytical.

Arabic language is in strong relation with jurisprudence in irans university because the lag number of its refrence written by Arabic. there many tasks that is in relation with and erstanding this language important tasks are: necessity of attention to the sentence structure in the jurisprudence text and its task for example :relation within two important part of the structure (relation within verb and object) and relation within not necessity part in structure cfor example: (relation within verb and adverb) or pronun and its role in construction of the jurisprudence and delation and its kind in structure and structures volume and things that influence in structurs volume and influence of this volume in creating jurisprudence texts and…. Response to these questions will be entailed by beducation Arabic language to Islamic jurisprudence students. sentence and word structure in Arabic language is important in construction of the jurisprudence texts .this importance is great for thos don’t speek Arabic .because the law refrence in Islamic countries, arab or others, return to jurisprudence texts that are availiblehnhslamic jurisprudence .

Anyone who studies elegies about Imam Hossein (AS)) in Poems would find themes which narrate great events at the same time show the extent that poets are affected by events of Karbala. The achievements of present study, that has studied the elegy of Imam Hossein (AS) in poems attributed to Imam Sajjad (AS) using a descriptive-analytic approach, suggest that in these verses in addition to themes like evoking a spirit of repentance among people or encouraging them to revolt against Umayyad corrupted rulers; some of that period’s features such as Umayyad rulersinjustice and innocence of Prophet (A)’s family and also ignorance and stupidity of people because of excess of common wealth and concern about material world is reflected.