فصلنامه پرستاری سالمندان
سال سوم شماره 1 (پاییز 1395)

Introduction and Investigating effect of various exercises as the main influencing factor on elderly balance became more popular in the recent years. This research aimed to investigate effect of combined sensory and cognitive training on elderly women health static and dynamic balance.
36 healthy elderly women voluntarily participated in this study and their physical and cognitive health status was measured by medical history questionnaire and MMSE, respectively. Subjects were randomly assigned into three different training groups including sensory (N=14), cognitive (N=10) and combination (N=12). Baseline static and dynamic balances were measured using Flamingo and TUG tests respectively in the three groups. The second measurement was obtained after 5 practice sessions and each session composed of 20 efforts in 10 days. Data were analyzed using descriptive (mean and standard deviation) as well as referential methods (one-way covarianceand paired t test) with significance value set at pFindings: Although our findings showed no significance difference among groups but, improvement of static and dynamic balance after trainings was considerable. In other words, there was improving performance not only in static balance but, also in dynamic balance among participants taking cognitive, sensory, and combination training.
This study showed that sensory, cognitive and combined trainings improved static and dynamic balance of elderly. Therefore, taking exercise is one of the best approaches to influence elderly motor performance which eventually improves lifestyle balance and prevent falls.

Introduction and Population of the world is rapidly aging. Training is the most effective approach which has recently received major attention. Despite the vast theoretical improvement in planning and evaluation of educational programs, patient education still is not practically being implemented. Thereby, this study aimed to focus on determining lived experiences of elderly from effectiveness of education provided by their Rehabilitation centre.
This phenomenological study aims to explore lived experiences of 8 elderly women who received education in Grand Rehabilitation Center of Tonekabon. A semi-structured interview was used to collect data. After taking written consent form, patients’ interviews was recorded. Data analysis was done using the Colaizzi's method.
Findings: Following analysis of the transcribed interviews, emerging themes were categorized in major concepts and related sub-concepts. Finally "Effective relationship " and "Training competency" defined as the two essential elements which explain the elderly opinion on effectiveness of educational program.
The results of this study indicated that elderly perceive their educational programs to be effective once, there is an effective relationship and the program’s competency is high. Considering a program as an effective education may increases clients’ satisfaction, improves their quality of life, decreases their anxiety, increases living hope, reduces complications, increases the participation in health care programs and promotes independency in daily activities.

Introduction and Self-medication is a common phenomenon which frequently happening among elderly. The goal of this study was to investigate self medication and associated factors among elderly.
This descriptive study used random cluster sampling method to recruit 270 elderly living in Kermanshah city. Upon obtaining written consent form, data were collected using series of self-reported questionnaire. Face validity and content validity of the questionnaires were obtained and reliability was assessed using Cranach’s Alpha (0.85). Data was analyzed by SPSS version 20 using Kruskal-Wallis and chi-square tests
Findings: Our findings indicated that majority of elderly (90%) participated in this study practiced self-medication during the last 3 months. Analgesics, medicines for cold and herbal medicines were mostly used in self-medication. Colds, headaches and gastrointestinal problems were diseases that mostly treated by self-medication. The most important factors associated with self-medication were underestimation of the disease, belief in the safety of herbal medicines, expensive cost of medical appointment and satisfaction from previous self-medication. However, there was no significant relationships between self-medication and demographic factors including age, sex, marital status, education, job and income.
High prevalence of self-medication among elderly population calls for increasing their awareness on adverse consequences of self-medication. Promoting awareness on self-medication is possible through education and health promotion.

Introduction and Stress is an effective factor that influences physical and mental health status of elderly. This study aimed to identify determinants of stress among retired elderly.
This cross-sectional study was conducted among elderly attending to retirement centers in East Guilan. Convenience sampling method was used to collect 124 retired elderly. Data were collected using two questionnaires of aging stressors and demographic characteristics. Data analysis was done by descriptive statistics, paired T-test and ANOVA using SPSS version18.
Findings: Our findings showed that the most frequent stressor was empty nest dimension and women reported more stress in all aspects compared to their male counterpart. The economic situation showed significant statistical relationships with the following dimensions: despair (p According to this study, the most frequent stressors was the empty nest dimension Therefore, special attention are required to control, manage and reduce stress among elderly, particularly women, to improve their health and quality of life.

Introduction and Sarcopenia is associated with reduced muscle mass, declined strength and pulmonary function in old age. The purpose of this study was to investigate effect of eight weeks resistance training on hypertrophy and physiologic parameters among elderly man.
Martials and 24 elderly male subjects were randomly divided into two groups: experimental (n = 13) and controls (n = 11). Experimental group participated in resistance training programs 3 days a week for 8 weeks while; no exercise program was offered to controls.
We measured muscle volume by CT scan, FVC and FEV1 by spirometry. Aerobic and anaerobic powers were evaluated before and after the training period.
Findings: The results showed that the sectional area (p=0/001) and muscle volume (p=0/004), were increased in the experimental group. In addition, subjects in experimental group had higher FVC (p=0/001) and FEV1 (p=0/001), aerobic power (p=0/001), upper body (p=0/001) and lower (p=0/001) anaerobic power compared to controls.
Eight weeks of resistance training lead to enhanced muscle volume which may eventually improve physiological factors among elderly men. Therefore, resistance trainings can be considered as effective and safe programs to mitigate sarcopenia among elderly.

Introduction and The present study was conducted to comparatively investigate mental health and happiness among elderly living at home and nursing homes of Kermanshah City in 2016.
This is a cross-sectional and casual-comparative study. Two groups of elderly (living at home and at nursing home) were compared in term of mental health and happiness. Simple random sampling method was used to recruit 200 elderly living at home and nursing homes in the city of Kermanshah. Research data were collected through General Health Questionnaire and Oxford Happiness Inventory (OHI). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and t-test.
Findings: Findings showed that there was a significant difference between mental health and happiness of elderly living at home (P We found that mental health and happiness of elderly living at home is significantly higher than nursing home residents. It has been shown that nursing home residents experience higher mental disorders, unhappiness and depression more than elderly living at home.

Introduction and Elder abuse is a type of family violence that has recently been recognized as an extensive and growing social dilemma. Therefore, this study aims to identify elder abuse and its related factors within the families.
This descriptive-cross sectional study used convenience sampling method to collect 251 elderly admitted to surgery and internal wards in Abadan city. Data were collected using “misbehavior to elderly in family” questionnaire via face to face interviews. Data analysis was done by SPSS software version 16 using descriptive statistics, Chi-square and Spearman correlation coefficients.
Findings: Findings from the current study showed that the highest type of abuse was care negligence (62.8%) followed by authority deprival (48.6%) psychological misbehavior (41%), financial abuse (36.7%), financial negligence (36.5% ), emotional negligence (36%), physical misbehavior (27.4%) and lastly ostracism (25.6 %). There was a significant relationship between care negligence and age. Psychological misbehavior was significantly associated with number of children. In addition, physical negligence was significantly associated with age and income. However, there was a significant relationship between financial misbehavior and marriage status.
Financial negligence and authority deprival are the most frequent type of misbehavior among elderly. Factors related to misbehavior in the elderly are age, marital status, number of children and income. Cooperation and participation of all related organizations are necessary to mitigate misbehavior with elderly within the family.

Introduction and Optimization in Primary and Secondary Control Scale designed at 1998 by Heckhausen and colleagues in Germany. Therefore, this study was designed to assess psychometric properties of Optimization in Primary and Secondary Control Scale (OPS) in older adults.
Material and This descriptive study used convenience sampling method, adopted from the theory of Klein, to collect 310 elderly men and women in Tehran city.
Findings: Our samples consisted of 142 women and 168 men with an average age of 68.94 years old. The exploratory factor analysis was run using principal component analysis which extracted five components (optimization, selective primary control, compensatory primary control, selective secondary control and compensatory secondary Control). Reliability was ensured by test-retest (0.58 to 0.72) and Cronbach’s alphas (0.57 to 0.74). The factor-based internal consistency in the English version ranged from 0.61 to 0.82.
Our findings suggest that Persian version of the OPS is a valid and reliable tool to assess utilization of lifespan optimization and control strategies in elderly populations. In recent years, successful aging has been the centre of researchers’ attention due to importance of elderly ability to control life events. Therefore, it is of great importance to adopt a valid and reliable instrument for measuring utilization of lifespan optimization and control strategies in elderly populations. Optimization in Primary and Secondary Control Scale in older adults, including, reliability, validity, confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis was the purpose of this study.