International Journal of Preventive Medicine
Volume:8 Issue: 6, Jun 2017

Epidemiological evidence on the association between genetic polymorphisms in glutathione S‑transferases M1 (GSTM1) and T1 (GSTT1) genes and risk of endometrial cancer (EC) has been inconsistent. In this meta‑analysis, we seek to investigate the relationship between GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms and the risk of EC. We searched Medline, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure database, and Chinese Biomedical Literature database to identify eligible studies. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confdence intervals (CIs) for the association were determined using a fxed‑ or random‑effect model. Tests for heterogeneity of the results and sensitivity analyses were performed. A total of six case–control studies were included in the fnal meta‑analysis of GSTM1 (1293 cases and 2211 controls) and GSTT1 (1286 cases and 2200 controls) genotypes. Overall, GSTM1 null genotype was not signifcantly associated with an increased risk of EC (OR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.76–1.30, P = 0.982). Similarly, for GSTT1 deletion genotype, we observed no association under the investigated model in the overall analysis (OR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.64–1.30, P = 0.619). Subgroup analysis also showed no signifcant association between the GSTM1 null genotype and EC risk in hospital‑based design (OR = 1.26, 95% CI = 0.93–1.71, P = 0.131) and no relationship between GSTT1 null genotype with EC risk in population‑based design (OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 0.79–1.76, P = 0.407). However, GSTM1 null genotype contributed to an increased EC risk in population‑based design (OR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.60–0.97, P = 0.027), while null GSTT1 in hospital‑based studies (OR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.52–0.93, P = 0.015). The present meta‑analysis suggested that GSTs genetic polymorphisms may not be involved in the etiology of EC. Large epidemiological studies with the combination of GSTM1 null, GSTT1 null, and design‑specifc with the development of EC are needed to prove our fndings.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) can induce cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Vaccination against HPV can play an important role in CIN prevention. This study aims to estimate the effcacy of L1 protein vaccines (Cervarix and Gardasil) in CIN 1, 2, 3 risk reduction using meta‑analysis. Relevant articles were identifed by two independent researchers searching international databanks. After application of inclusion/exclusion criteria and quality assessment, eligible articles were entered into the fnal meta‑analysis. Inverse variance method and fxed effect model were used to combine the results of the primary studies. The heterogeneity between the results was assessed using Cochrane and I2 indices. Of 11,530 evidence identifed during the primary search, three papers were found eligible for meta‑analysis, including 7213 participants in the intervention groups and 7170 healthy controls. The effcacy (95% confdence interval) of HPV 6, 11, 16, 18 monovalent and quadrivalent vaccines against CIN 1, CIN 2, and CIN 3 were estimated as of 95% (88–98), 97% (85–99), and 95% (78–99), respectively. This study showed that L1 protein vaccines Cervarix and Gardasil are highly protective vaccines playing an effective role in the prevention of HPV 6, 11, 16, 18 which are responsible for CIN 1, CIN 2, and CIN 3.

Cardiovascular diseases burden is increasing due to aging populations and represents one of the major health issues worldwide. Dietary habits have been extensively studied in the cardiovascular feld despite the diffculty in the quantifcation of the assumption of each single food and the observation that several foods affect cardiovascular risk with opposite effects. Moreover, some older fndings have been reverted by more recent studies. Red meat has been widely studied in this context, and it has been suggested to increase cardiovascular risk primarily by causing dyslipidemia. Our aim is to review the relationship between red meat assumption and cardiovascular risk and to present novel fndings regarding their link.

The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of traditional wooden toothbrush usage on most severe constipation, which usually occurs in spinal cord injury (SCI) patients.
In a quasi‑experimental study, 61 SCI patients were selected who had injuries in different spinal levels (cervical, thoracic, and lumbar), and severe constipation from one defection in a few days to 3 weeks. They were recommended to use traditional wooden toothbrush for 5 min twice a day, after breakfast and dinner, over a 6 weeks period. Two proper standard scales, called neurogenic bowel dysfunction (NBD), and “Constipation Assessment Scale (CAS),” were used for evaluating the changes in patients’ gastrointestinal (GI) habits during the period of using the wooden toothbrush. Through these scales (NBD and CAS), the therapeutic effects of traditional wooden toothbrush usage on the severity of constipation before and after intervention were measured.
The mean of NBD and CAS scores were reduced signifcantly, from 8.95 ± 0.78 and3.34 ± 0.28; respectively, to 3.03 ± 0.57 and 1.74 ± 0.25, after 6 weeks using traditional wooden toothbrush (P The use of traditional wooden toothbrush lead to the improvement of bowel and defecation problems in SCI patients. Yet more studies, particularly randomized control clinical trials are needed to investigate the effect of using wooden toothbrush on other GI reflexes. In addition, if some clinical trials are devised to study the effects of wooden toothbrush on both conscious and unconscious patients in ICU, best results are expected to be found on keeping their mouth and teeth hygiene, as well as, getting rid of their constipations.

This research was to examine the effects of synbiotic intake on minerals, liver enzymes, and blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).
This randomized, cross‑over clinical trial was performed among 62 diabetic patients. Persons were randomly assigned to intake either a synbiotic (n = 62) or a control food (n = 62) for 6 weeks. A 3‑week washout period was applied following which persons were crossed over to the alternate intervention arm for an additional 6 weeks. The synbiotic was consisted of Lactobacillus sporogenes (1 × 107 CFU), 0.04 g inulin (HPX) as prebiotic. Persons were asked to consume the synbiotic and control foods 27 g a day. Blood pressure was measured, and blood samples were taken at baseline and after 6‑week intervention to assess calcium, magnesium, iron, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and total bilirubin.
The consumption of a synbiotic food, compared to the control food, resulted in a signifcant rise of calcium (0.66 vs. -0.14 mg/dL, P = 0.03) and iron (5.06 vs. -9.98 mg/dL, P = 0.03). The decrease of total bilirubin (0.08 vs. -0.04 mg/dL; P = 0.009) was also seen in the synbiotic group compared with the control group.
Overall, synbiotic in T2D patients had benefcial effects on calcium, iron, and total bilirubin concentrations.

Near‑infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) provides the capability of monitoring oxygenation levels in cerebral microscopic vessels, enabling the operator to observe the spontaneous changes in the levels of hemoglobin concentration in tissue and interpret the resulting fluctuations. The current study tried to investigate whether brain’s autoregulatory mechanisms in premature newborns have the potential to prevent the adverse effects caused by asynchronous changes of pressure in the rib cage. Therefore, NIRS method was applied to newborns that were alternatively shifted from nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) to nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) and vice versa.
This study was done as a crossover randomized clinical trial on 30 very low‑weight newborns under nCPAP, who had received surfactant as a result of respiratory distress syndrome diagnosis, from April 2015 to April 2016, in Isfahan Shahid Beheshti Educational Hospital. The newborns were 72 h old, experiencing continuous distending pressure (CDP) = 4–6 cmH2O with FiO2 = 30%–40%. The respiratory support would alternate from nCPAP to NIPPV and vice versa (with indicators of expiratory PAP (EPAP) = CDP and inspiratory PAP = EPAP 4 cmH 2O), and the cerebral regional oxygen saturation (CrSO2) was monitored using NIRS.
The study results indicated that newborns signifcantly showed higher levels of CrSO 2 (84.93, P = 0.005) and oxygenation (94.63, P = 0.007) under nCPAP rather than NIPPV (82.43 and 93.43, respectively). The respiratory rate was also meaningfully slower when newborns were under nCPAP (P = 0.013).
This study revealed that applying NIPPV may have an unfavorable effect on the premature newborn’s brain tissue perfusion. However, more studies are needed to ensure solid outcomes.

Abnormal lipid profles are a characteristic feature of persons with chronic conditions in which the diabetic populations are recognized as the dominant group, regardless of gender and ethnicity worldwide. This study was conducted to identify and evaluate the abnormalities of serum lipid profles in both nondiabetic and diabetic persons.
This study was a case–control investigation conducted between 2013 and 2015. The study enrolled 266 patients from the North Central and South West Regional Health Authorities of Trinidad. Of the 266 patients recruited, 126 were diabetic and 140 were nondiabetic.
Our study observed that dyslipidemia was present among the nondiabetic populations as the nondiabetics had 55 women and 20 men with high cholesterol, 22 women and 14 men with high triglyceride (TG), 30 women and 25 men with low high‑density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‑C), 42 women and 21 men with high low‑density level‑cholesterol (LDL‑C), 13 women and 8 men with high very low‑density lipoprotein (VLDL), and also 30 women and 11 men with body mass index (BMI) over 30 kg/m². We also observed that diabetic women had signifcantly lower TGs (P = 0.019) and higher HDL‑C (P = 0.001) and LDL (P = 0.003) when compared with the diabetic men. In addition, the nondiabetic females also had higher HDL‑C (P = 0.045) when compared to their male counterparts. Both diabetic and nondiabetic women exhibited signifcantly higher BMI of P = 0.000. A negative correlation was obtained among TGs and HDL (r = -0.356, n = 83, P = 0.001) and a positive correlation was observed among LDL and HDL (r = 0.230, n = 86, P = 0.035).
This study observed the incidences in the abnormalities of serum lipid profles in both nondiabetic and diabetic persons. It also presents the high occurrence of nondiabetic women with dyslipidemia as they presented with high cholesterol, high TG, low HDL‑C, and high VLD‑L with BMI over 30 kg/m².