فصلنامه مواد پیشرفته در مهندسی
سال سی و ششم شماره 1 (بهار 1396)

In this research¡ the wear behavior of commercial grades of WC-10wt%Co (H10F)¡ WC-40vol%Co and WC40vol%FeAl-B composites with different amounts of boron from zero to 1000 ppm has been investigated by the pin on disk test method at high temperature. The wear tests were done under load of 40 N¡ a distance of 100 m and at ambient temperature¡ 200
̊ C and 300
̊ C. Wear surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the wear resistance of all composites decreased with increasing temperature. The boron free WC-40vol%FeAl composite showed the lowest wear resistance at all ranges of temperature. In the presence of boron up to 500 ppm in iron-aluminide matrix¡ the high temperature wear resistance of these composites improves and the wear mechanisms changes from particle pullout into abrasive state. The toughness enhancement of these composites and plasticity enhancement of iron aluminide in the presence of boron¡ leads to better link of the interface of FeAl matrix and tungsten carbide particles¡ and thus increases the wear resistance of these composites. WC-40vol% FeAl-500ppmB composite has a higher wear resistance at high temperature than WC-40vol% Co and commercial WC-10wt% Co.

In this study¡ the effect of Fe/Ba molar ratio was investigated on the phase composition¡ synthesis temperature¡ microstructure and magnetic properties of barium hexaferrite prepared via mechanical activation. In order to synthesize this compound¡ Fe/Ba molar ratios of 12 and 6 were used. The effect of Fe/Ba mo lar ratio¡ milling time and heat treatment temperature for achieving the optimal conditions in producing this compound was studied. In order to study the phase¡ morphology and magnetic properties of the final product¡ X-ray Diffraction (XRD)¡ Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) were used respectively. According to the results¡ Fe/Ba molar ratio of 6¡ 10 h milling time and temperature of 800 °C were found to be the optimal conditions for producing this compound in a single phase. Scanning electron microscopy images show the hexagonal morphology and almost spherical particles respectively for samples prepared with Fe/Ba molar ratio equal to 12 and 6. Moreover¡ according to the magnetic studies¡ the maximum amount of saturation magnetization (56.48 emu/g) and the coercivity force (5247.2 Oe) were obtained for the sample synthesized with Fe/Ba molar ratio of 6 .

Investigating the effect of Al 2 O 3 -TiB 2 /Fe complex reinforcement (CCMR) on the mechanical properties of aluminum composites was the goal of this study. For this purpose¡ the Al 2 O 3 -TiB 2 /Fe reinforcement powders were synthesized during milling and subsequent annealing. Different volume percentages of the produced reinforcement powders (1.25¡ 2.5 and 5 vol.%) were added to aluminum matrix¡ milled for 10 h and then hot extruded. The structural phasic and mechanical investigations of the specimens were carried out using X-ray diffraction¡ scanning electron microscopy and tensile test. The results showed that the metallic component (Fe rich phase) in this new type of reinforcement stuck the ceramic parts (Al2O3TiB2) to aluminium matrix¡ and has an importance role in the flexibility of the product. The best volume percentage of CCMR in aluminium matrix was about 2.5%. This nanocomposite had a combination of strength and ductility of about 500 MPa and 6%¡ respectively.

In this research¡ new lithium ion conductor glass-ceramics with NASICON-type structure (Li1쟬肗Ⴋ졧x-y (PO4)3¡ x=0.5) were synthesized using melt-quenching method and converted to glass-ceramics through heat treatment. Influence of addition of different concentrations of aluminum and chromium in LiGe2(PO4)3 glass-ceramic was investigated for ionic conduction improvement. Substitution of Ge4 ions in NASICON structure by Al3 and Cr3 ions induced more Li ions in A2 vacant sites to obtain charge balance and also changed the unit cell parameters. These two factors led to ionic conductivity improvement of synthesized glass-ceramics. The glass-ceramics were characterized and the amorth structures were investigated by X-ray Diffraction (XRD)¡ Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM)¡ Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX)¡ Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Complex Impedance Spectroscopy (CIS). The highest lithium ion conductivity of 8.82×10-3 S/cm was obtained for x=0.4 and y=0.1 (Li1.5Al0.4Cr0.1Ge1.5(PO4)3) crystallized at 850 oC for 8 h with minimum activation energy of 0.267 eV.

The aim of the present research is calculation and determination of the temperature distribution in the oxy-gas source line heating process for application in the steel plates. Analytical method was used to calculate the temperature distribution by solving mathematical equations. The temperature distribution was determined with numerical method using MATLAB software. A computerized numerical control line heating apparatus was used for carrying out the processes. ITI thermograph camera was used to measure the temperature.
The effect of torch distance¡ gas flow and torch speed on the temperature distribution at the upper and lower surfaces of plate were evaluated. The changes of temperature distribution were achieved at torch speeds of 120¡ 200 and 300 mm/min¡ gas flow of 10¡ 9 and 8 lit/min and torch distances of 30¡ 40 and 50 mm. Calculated and measured maximum temperatures reached to 900¡ 810 and 720 K¡ and 885¡ 785¡ 690 K¡ at torch speeds of 120¡ 200¡ 300 mm/min¡ respectively. The calculated and measured maximum temperatures at gas flow of 10¡ 9¡ 8 lit/min are attained to be 900¡ 810 and 750 K¡ and 885¡ 795 and 740 K¡ respectively. Maximum calculated and measured temperatures at torch distance of 30¡ 40 and 50 mm are accomplished to be 900¡ 880 and 810 K and 885¡ 840 and 790 K¡ respectively.

Strengthening of copper matrix by dispersion of metallic oxides particles as an efficient way to increase strength without losing thermal and electrical conductivities has been recognized for many years. Such a composite can withstand high temperatures and keep its properties. Such copper alloys have many applications especially in high temperature including resistance welding electrodes¡ electrical motors and switches. In the present work¡ at first¡ the Cu-1%Al solid solution was prepared by the mechanical alloying process via 48 hours of milling. Subsequently¡ 0.66 gr of copper oxide was added to Cu-1%Al solid solution and mechanically milled for different milling times of 0¡16¡ 32¡ 48 hours. The milled powder mixtures were investigated by X-Ray Diffraction and scanning electron microscopy techniques. The lattice parameter of Cu increased at first¡ but then decreased at longer milling times. The internal strain increased and the average Cu crystal size decreased during milling process.The particle size decreased during the whole process. With increasing annealing temprature from 450°C to 750°C¡ the microhardness values of samples decreased at the beginning but then increased. From these results¡ it can be concluded that nanosize aluminaparticles are formed in the copper matrix.

Despite a great thermodynamic driving force¡ copper cementation by aluminum from sulfate solutions involves a relatively slow kinetics due to the presence of the passive oxide film on the surface of aluminum. The previous studies have confirmed the positive effect of the presence of small amounts of chloride ion on reducing the scale of this problem. In this paper¡ the effect of concurrent ball milling on the kinetics of this process has been investigated. The cementation experiments were carried out in a polyamide jar with alumina balls inside by planetary ball milling. The studied parameters were ball number (0¡ 4)¡ temperature (25-55 °C) and time (0-240 s). All experiments were conducted at constant condition of [Cu2] = 6 g/L¡ [Cl−] = 75 mg/L¡ rotation speed of 160 rpm¡ average aluminum particle size of 279 µm and [H] = 1.94×10-3. The results showed that concurrent ball milling reduces the induction period of the cementation process to less than 120 s. The apparent rate constant of cementation showed the positive influence of simultaneous milling on the kinetics of the studied cementation process. Moreover¡ activation energies of the induction and main periods were calculated to be respectively 86 and 26 kJ.mol-1¡ indicating the shift of the reaction mechanism from chemical control to mass transfer control.

Super duplex stainless steel is a kind of duplex stainless steel that has pitting resistant equivalent number over than 40. Unified Numbering System (UNS) S32750 is a common super duplex stainless stee¡ that is mostly applied in oil and gas refinery industries¡ because of its proper corrosion-resistant properties . Therefore¡ joining of these steels by welding is very important¡ but the greatest problem in this regard is the corrosion and decrease in mechanical properties after welding.. In this research¡ UNS S32750has been joined by friction stir welding method. The tool being used in this research was a WC with 16mm shoulder diameter¡ 5 mm pin diameter¡ and 1.9 mm height. X-ray diffraction showed that harmful phases¡ such as sigma or chi have not been formed. Microstructure study indicated that grain size in the stir zone has decreased. Vickers Hardness Test Method has been applied on welded samples. Moderate microhardness of base metal was 285 Vickers but¡ the microhardness increased in the stir zone to 360 Vickers¡ because of decreasing the grain size. The cyclic polarization determined that potential and corrosion current of joint metal by friction stir welding method was similar to base metal. Also¡ it was revealed that ferrite percentage in the stir zone doesn''t decrease very much because the friction stir welding heat input is very low and the colding rate is very high.

The aim of this investigation is obtaining WC-Co composite powder from WO3 and Co3O4 by in-situ and carbothermic reduction method using activated carbon as a reducing agent. In this study¡ cobalt and tungsten oxide powders with 17% carbon (30% more than stoichiometric value) were mixed by ball-milling under atmosphere of argon for 20 hours. Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) results on powder mixture show complete reducing of oxides at 1050  C and forming cobalt carbide and tungsten carbide. Compact samples underwent carbothermic reduction at 1050  C for different times of 1¡ 2 and 4 hours with protective layer of alumina and carbon powder mixture with ratio of 1:1. Based on X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analyses¡ the best holding time in furnace is 4 hours¡ in which tungsten reduction and carbonization is completed. XRD evaluation of reduced compacted samples in three conditions of atmosphere protective layer of alumina and carbon powder mixture with ratio of 1:1¡ protective foil of refractory steel and argon¡ shows that unreduced oxides and extra phases are present in argon atmosphere and protective foil of steel but not in alumina and carbon mixture layer. The measurement results of physical and mechanical properties on the sintered composite sample in heating rate of 5  C /min to temperature 1500  C and the holding time of 2 hours under a shielding layer of alumina and carbon shows obtaining the optimal properties (Pr=80%¡ KIC=8.1 MPa ¡ MHV=15.67GPa) comparable to that of advanced and costly methods.

Cobalt-based amorphous alloys attracted the attention of many researchers to carry out fundamental research for their application in electronics¡ sensors and magnetic memory due to their special magnetic properties including close to zero Magnetostriction¡ magnetic permeability and high saturation magnetization. The purpose of this study is the formation and evaluation of microstructure and magnetic properties of cobalt-based amorphous alloy produced by melt spinning and mechanical alloying. The final compositions produced by both methods were studied by scanning electron microscopy¡ X-ray diffraction and vibrating magnetoresistance. The results showed that compound produced by chill block melt spinning has a better magnetic properties .