مجله طب پیشگیری
سال سوم شماره 4 (پیاپی 10، زمستان 1395)

Inadequate physical activity is the first among the ten risk factors of mortality worldwide. Adequate and regular physical activity can reduce high blood pressure, cardiovascular diseases, Cerebrovascular accidents, breast cancer, colon and depression, and falls and fracture in adults. The present research aimed to investigate the effect of interventions based on the theory of planned behavior on promoting the physical activity of different groups systematically.
Seven databases including Iran medex, SID, PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus and Google Scholar were searched for the following key words: Theory of planned behavior OR TPB, experimental randomized controlled trial OR intervention, motor activity, physical activity, exercise. The inclusion criteria were for the results to be quantitative, interventional, and in English or Persian language. The theory of planned behavior had to be an integral part of the selected articles.
Results The initial search ended up with 319 articles in different databases which were filtered according the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Finally, 14 articles were included in the research which covered the years 2003 to 2016. The majority of studies were case-control and semi-experimental. The intervention durations were 2 weeks to 3 months. The target research populations were students, elderly, housewives, and health workers. The used educational interventions were mostly lecture, panel discussion, booklet, focal groups, educational pamphlets, Q&A, and brainstorming. In the majority of investigations, attitude, perceived behavioral control, and behavioral intention were strong predictors of physical activities. Subjective norms were poor predictors in less than half of the studies. The theory-based interventions revealed to have a positive effect on promoting physical activity.
The majority of interventions based on the theory of planned behavior were proved to promote physical activities. However, the heterogeneity of target groups makes comparing the effect of interventions on physical activities difficult. To explore the effect of the interventions in theory-oriented studies, it is recommended to extend the length of the interventions and follow-ups to properly decide on the effectiveness of the intervention.

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis is a wide spread parasitic disease that usually causes by two species of Leishmania tropica and Leishmania major parasites in Iran. It is estimated that twelve million people, with 1 to 2 million annual new cases are suffering from Leishmaniasis worldwide. This disease is considered as a major public health problem in many countries, including Iran. The outbreak of disease in Fars province is high.. The aim of this study was to evaluate some epidemiological aspects of cutaneous leishmania (Anthroponotic and Zoonotic) disease in Ghir and Karzin County, Fars province, Iran.
This descriptive study was performed on patients with cutaneous leishmanias who were referred to health centers of Ghir and Karzin County in Fars province, Iran. Results were derived from recorded data in health centers. The data were analyzed using the SPSS software.
In this study 393 patients were studied. Out of them, 194 patients (49%) male and 199 (51%) were female. The highest number of patients were for year 2009 with 203 cases and the lowest were for year 2015 with 14 cases. Most patients were in the age range of under 9 years old. The total number of patients in rural areas was slightly more than urban areas. Most cases had occurred during the winter. The average incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis during the six studied years fluctuated from 22 to 101 per hundred thousand.
The results showed no significant difference in leishmaniasis incidence in terms of sex and living places. Most cases observed in winter season which does not match the seasonal patterns of domestic studies. Maximum cases were observed in age range under 9 years old. Results of this study show a considerable decease in the incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ghir and Karzin County during studied years. Key words: Cutaneous leishmaniasis, Epidemiology, Ghir and Karzin.

Anemia is one of the major causes of maternal death in developing countries and iron deficiency is the most common cause of anemia during pregnancy which can be associated with many adverse effects. Despite the implementation of programs for taking iron supplement, the statistics show that most pregnant women do not take the iron tablets correctly and regularly. This study aimed to investigate the intake of iron supplement and the factors influencing iron intake during pregnancy in women referred to Bandar Abbas Shariati Hospital in 1395.
In this descriptive-analytic study 197 pregnant women who referred to Shariati Hospital in Bandar Abbas in 1395 and were in the second half of their pregnancy period were enrolled through available sampling method. To collect the data, valid and reliable questionnaire was used. Then data were entered into SPSS 19. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics indicators (mean, frequency) and chi-square test were used. A P value of According to the results 61.4% of pregnant women were taking iron supplements desirably. There was significant relationship between iron supplements intake and history of anemia (P=0.002), spouse's education level (p=0.032), anemia before pregnancy (P=0.000), and mother's education level (P=0.006). However, no significant relationship was found between the intake of iron supplements and age)0.498), nationality)P=0.298(, employment status, mother's job (p=0.622), wive's job (p=0.549),the number of pregnancies (p=0.288), Number of children(p=0.773), and the frequency of referring to health centers (p=0.481).
According to the results of the study it can be concluded that conducting training classes for mothers and wives as well as giving sufficient information about pregnancy anemia to the community through the mass media is needed for increasing the iron intake during the pregnancy and for promoting the level of maternal health.

Introduction A significant number of patients after recovery from the initial attack of poliomyelitis virus, experience new symptoms, over the years. Given the importance of healthy active life in poliomyelitis survivors and the need to enhance the functional capacity of these people, the present study designed to compare the quality of life in athlete and non-athlete Poliomyelitis survivors.

This study is a descriptive and analytical research, and the study population of this study were all of the poliomyelitis survivors in Kerman. A total number of 28 people (19 Female & 9 Male) with the history of poliomyelitis and average age of 36.61±8.23 were purposefully selected and allocated to the athlete and non-athlete groups and were compared according to their Quality of life questionnaire (FS-36). Data were analyzed using independent t-test at significance level of P≤ 0.05.

Result showed that there was a significant difference in Physical functioning (P= 0/002), Role limitations due to physical health (P= 0/04), Energy/fatigue (P= 0/04), Pain (P= 0/03), and General health (P= 0/04) between active and non-active groups, while there was no significant difference in Role limitations due to emotional problems, Emotional well-being, and Social functioning between two groups. In addition, a significant difference was observed between Physical health of two groups, but the difference in the case of Mental health was not significant.

People with a history of poliomyelitis who have regular physical activity, are more physically healthy and less suffer from functional disorders. Improving their health through exercise programs can play an important role in increasing the life quality of people with poliomyelitis.

Chlordane has been used for many years as an insecticide and it is stable against light under normal conditions. The aim of this study was to determine the Nano-photocatalytic activity of UV / Fe-Doped TiO2 for removal of cis-chlordane from water.
This descriptive-analytic study, was conducted at the laboratory scale in a 2-liter reactor. The nanoparticles were synthesized by sol-gel method. Cis-chlordane analyzed in a variety of pH, time, and concentrations. Excel 2007 and SPSS V.16 softwares and ANOVA test were used for data analysis.
The results showed that in the conditions of low pH, low concentration of pesticide, high concentration of Nano particles, and high contact time, the removal efficiency will increase. The optimum PH to remove cis-chlordane, in constant time and Nano-particle concentration, was equal to 5 (P value = 0.324). The optimal time for Cis-chlordane removal was revealed to be 45 minutes (P value = 0.112) and the nanoparticle concentration for optimal removal was 100Mg/L (P value = 0.069). In addition, optimal cis-chlordane removal occurred in cis-chlordane concentration of 10 Mg/L (P value = 0.2).
The photo catalytic processes have high capacity to remove cis-chlordane and toxic minerals. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles are non-toxic and UV/Fe-Doped TiO2 can be used to degrade cis-chlordane efficiently with the small amount of Nano-materials and very low power consumption.

The steel industries are one of the industries that their workers are highly exposed to physical harmful agents including radiation. The aim of this study was to assess the occupational exposure to ultraviolet and infrared radiation in in a steel industry.
This Descriptive - analytical and cross- sectional study was conducted in 13 workstations in a steel industry in 2014. For measurement of ultraviolet and infrared radiation direct reading instruments were used to assess the intensity of radiation entering eyes. Finally, after collecting data, statistical analysis performed using SPSS19 software.
The average age and job experience of the studied workers were 31.05 and 5.45, respectively. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation ranged from 1.89 to 6.3 mw/cm2. Exposure to infrared radiation also ranged from 5.02 to 49.1 mw/cm2. In all measurement stations exposure to ultraviolet radiation was more than threshold limit value. In addition, in furnace 1, furnace 2 , hoist unit, and moving wrenches unit the intensity of infrared radiation was more than threshold limit value.
According to the findings of the present study, occupational exposure to ultraviolet radiation is more than threshold limit value and in some units, exposure to infrared radiation is more than threshold limit value and interventional measures are necessary to reduce the exposure.

Today in different societies, a major reason of fatality is cardiovascular diseases. One of the main causes of cardiovascular disease is unhealthy nutrion. The present study aims to investigate the nutritional behaviors of cardiovascular diseases prevention in women referred to health care centers in Minab town in 2016.
In this descriptive cross-sectional study participated160 women who reffered to Minab town health center. The instrument for data collection was a questionnaire with two main parts including demographic information (10 questions) and nutrional behaviors for prevention of cardiovascular diseases ( 21 questions ) with the scale of 1 to 10 and minimum and maximum received scores 21-210 that higher scores show the better preventive nutritional behaviors for cardiovascular diseases. Validity and reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS ver.16 software.
The average age of participants was 32±4 . The average score for preventive nutrional behaviors was 144±11. The best and the worst performance scores were related to finsh consumption (9.13±0.905) and steamed food consumption (2.54 ± 1.776), respectively. There was a significant relationship between nutritional behaviors and physical activities. (p = 0.001). Statistically significant association was not observed between nutritional behaviors and other variables.
Results show that nutritional behaviors for prevention of cardiovascular diseases is at the medium level and active interventions are necessary to improve nutritional behaviors.

Musculoskeletal disorders is one of the causes of occupational injuries and work-related disabilities in developing countries. This study performed in a manufacturing company to determine the risk of musculoskeletal disorders in different organs of the body using two posture assessment methods including NERPA and QEC.
This cross-sectional study conducted on 87 workers of a manufacturing company. In order to determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in different body organs Nordic questionnaire was used. To determine the risk of musculoskeletal disorders QEC and NERPA methods were used. Level of statistical significance considered to be P Based on the results of Nordic questionnaire, higher prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders observed in the lumbar (32/18 %), knee (20/68%), and legs (14/94%) and CNC Operator had the highest musculoskeletal disorders. The results of Assessing the level of risk using QEC showed that the most prevalent risk level was "high risk" level (51/72%) and the results of the NERPA method also revealed that the most frequent risk level was "high risk " level (33.33%).
The results showed that the Nordic questionnaire findings were more consistent with the QEC than NERPA method results. Also, according to findings and considering that QEC and NERPA respect various factors such as body postures, the force required, muscle activity, and workstations design, these two methods are suitable for study of the risk of musculoskeletal disorders in the manufacturing industries.