فهرست مطالب
International Journal of High Risk Behaviors and Addiction
Volume:6 Issue: 2, Jun 2017
- تاریخ انتشار: 1396/03/20
- تعداد عناوین: 13
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Page 1Context: This study was a systematic review that aimed to extract published articles regarding oxidant and antioxidants status in opium addiction by searching in PubMed, Google Scholar engine, SID, and Magiran databases.
Evidence Acquisition: Sixty-six published articles were investigated in this review, which were selected from studies among the Iranian society and other societies from 1976 to 2015. All articles published in different fields of descriptive-analytical, experimental, and interventional studies were considered.ResultsSeveral studies have shown that with increased production of free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS), the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants such as glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase activities, and also the concentration of vitamins A, E, C and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) decrease in opium addiction. Increased atherogenic indexes such as Low density lipoprotein/high density lipoprotein (LDL/HDL) ratio and malondialdehyde (MDA) may contribute to the increased risk of cardiovascular disease. However, it has also increased other markers of oxidative stress including: isoprostanes, 8-oxoguanine and protein carbonyl.ConclusionsOxidative stress increases in opium-addicted people. It seems that opium is capable of provoking oxidative stress and also, has harmful effects on lipid profile and antioxidant enzyme. Drug addicts were found to have antioxidant vitamin deficiency.Keywords: Antioxidants, Oxidants, Drug Addicts -
Page 2BackgroundIn Iran, the most common mode of HIV transmission among male intravenous drug users is sharing injection needles and syringes.Harm reduction initiatives, as a way of reducing the burden of this problem , are a set of policies and programs which attempt primarily to reduce the adverse health, social, and economic consequences of substances to drug users, their families, and communities.ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to elucidate the challenges and successes of HIV/AIDS services delivery as perceived by senior officials and service providers.
Patients andMethodsFace-to-face, semi-structured interviews were conducted in Shiraz, Iran with a purposive sample of sub-national service providers. A thematic analysis of these qualitative data was conducted by the authors.ResultsParticipants identified major challenges and successes of HIV/AIDS services delivery. Service delivery and accessibility, in terms of challenges and successes, were classified.ConclusionsOur study demonstrates that, despite greater availability of HIV/AIDS services, this availability is not associated with greater accessibility and utilization because of multiple, complex, and interrelated barriers to HIV/AIDS service provision at the service delivery level.Keywords: Harm Reduction, Service Providers, DIC, Sex Workers -
Page 3BackgroundSexual risk behaviors are the most important risky behaviors that put individuals and the society at risk of serious infectious diseases such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and viral Hepatitis, considering the high prevalence of unsafe sexual behavior.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of an educational program based on the theory of planned behavior to improve safe sexual behaviors intention among male substance abusers.
Patients andMethodsThis quasi-experimental study was performed on 104 substance abusers (52 participants in the interevention group and 52 in the control group) covered by the Substance abuse treatment centers in Hamadan, the west of Iran. Data collecting tools was a questionnaire that consisted of demographic information and the theory of planned behavior variables. The participants in the intervention group participated in four training sessions. Effect of educational intervention on behavioral intention was assessed two months after the last training session. Data were analyzed by SPSS-16 using appropriate statistical tests including paired t-test, independent t-tests, McNemar and multivariate logistic regression analysisResultsSignificant improvements were found in attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control and behavioral intention for the intervention group (PConclusionsComprehensive implementation of educational courses based on the theory of planned behavior would be effective to improve safe sexual behaviors intention amonge male substance abusers that prevent sexually transmitted diseases.Keywords: Sexual Behavior, Safe Sex, Substance Abuse Treatment Centers -
Page 4BackgroundLittle is known regarding the Internet activities of children, although Internet habits and pathological usage have been previously described in adolescents.ObjectivesThis study aimed in describing Internet use in both primary and secondary school children in order to early detect habits with high risks of developing pathological Internet use.
Patients andMethods2,473 children from 26 primary (aged from 6 to 12) and 16 secondary schools (12 - 15 years old) from seven different regions in Greece participated. Participants answered questions regarding their Internet activities and demographics.Results367 (40.9 %) children from primary and 707 (44.9 %) from secondary schools played online games daily, while 115 (12.8 %) and 965 (61.2 %) respectively had a Facebook profile. The boys played games and used Facebook more than girls [primary: OR = 1.2, 95% CI (1.0, 1.9), secondary school: OR = 2.3, 95% CI (1.9, 2.9), and [OR = 2.1, 95% CI (1.3, 3.2), OR = 1.3, 95% (1.1, 1.6), accordingly]. Students with home Internet access were more likely to use online games and go on Facebook.ConclusionsThe male gender and home Internet access are both associated with the higher usage of online games and Facebook, while profiles in Facebook are illegally created at the first years of primary school. Since both Internet activities have been repetitively associated with pathological Internet usage, educators and social services should work on increasing awareness in young children and their parents.Keywords: Primary School, Secondary School, Internet, Habits, Children, Social Networks -
Page 5BackgroundInternet and digital game addictions can be seen mostly amongst adolescents, although it is possible to see individuals at all ages suffering from these problems. According to international literature, the prevalence of Internet and digital game addictions amongst adolescents increased in several countries.ObjectivesThis study tried to seek answers to the following research questions: does peer influence have a role in the development of Internet and digital game addictions, do peers form a group involving addicted members or non-addicted members and lastly, are Internet and digital game addictions contagious or infectious amongst best friends?
Patients andMethodsThe study was carried out on 184 students from a high school located in the Eastern part of Turkey. A personal information form, digital game addiction questionnaire and Internet addiction scale were all used as data collection tools. Relationships amongst adolescents were determined by a social network analysis (SNA).ResultsIt was found that Internet / digital game addicted individuals formed close friend groups and interacted with other Internet/digital game addicted individuals and that the non-addicted individuals formed groups with other non-addicts.ConclusionsConsequently the SNA in this study revealed that peer influence is an important factor in explaining the causes of the spread of Internet and digital game addictions.Keywords: Adolescent, Behavior, Addictive, Internet, Social Networks, Peer Influence -
Page 6BackgroundPoisoning is dangerous and common in children. We evaluated the epidemiological pattern of acute pediatric poisoning and its recent changes in Mashhad.ObjectivesThe current study aimed to evaluate the epidemiological pattern and recent changes of APP in Mashhad city during 2011- 2013.
Patients andMethodsThis cross sectional/descriptive study was performed based on the data (including age, sex, home address, and diagnosis) recorded in the hospital information system (HIS) regarding children admitted to pediatric toxicology unit of Imam Reza Hospital, the only referral hospital in Mashhad, during 2011 - 2013.ResultsOver the three years, 1701 children (53% male) aged 60.57 ± 1.95 months were hospitalized. The number of acutely poisoned children (APC) and the proportion of APC to the total number of pediatric admissions were 519 (14.1%) in 2011, 472 (13.5%) in 2012, and 710 (18.1%) in 2013 (PConclusionsThe number of APC increased in this area over the period of the study. The pattern of pediatric poisoning changed from a traditional opium poisoning to methadone overdose from 2011 to 2013, which may be due to the changing pattern of addiction and increased availability of methadone in the houses of addicted parents.Keywords: Epidemiology, Children, Intoxication, Methadone, Opium -
Page 7BackgroundRisk-taking behaviors are common and, unabated, can lead to serious consequences, such as unintended pregnancies, sexually transmitted infections, drug and alcohol abuse, injuries, and death. Despite their prevalence and consequences, the psychological determinants underlying these behaviors are not well understood.ObjectivesThe study aimed to evaluated the role of Sex, Parent Attachment, Emotional Adjustment on Risk-Taking Behaviors.
Patients andMethodsTo test the role of close relationships on risk-taking behaviors,we used a correctional field design and examined the influence of parent attachment on these behaviors while accounting for participants sex and emotional adjustment, measured in the form of self-esteem and level of depression. A total of 269 participants from Amazons MTurk website completed our survey.ResultsResults revealed differences between men and women on all six scales that assessed for risk-taking behavior; however no differences were evident by sex on levels of attachment to mother or attachment to father or on levels of adjustment. Our results also indicate that attachment to mother is directly and inversely associated with risk taking behavior, and that adjustment is a mediator between attachment to father and risk-taking behavior.ConclusionsThese results and others are presented and discussed in the context of the literature along with implications for counseling and for future research in this area.Keywords: Sex, Attachment, Emotional Adjustment, Risk, Taking -
Page 8BackgroundUsing methamphetamine and its dependence is a serious public health problem worldwide. In Iran about 50% of hospital beds are occupied due to psychosis or mental disorder complications related to methamphetamine dependence, which seriously affects patients admission to psychiatric hospitals.ObjectivesThe current study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of modafinil for treating patients with amphetamine dependence.
Patients andMethodsIn the current clinical trial study, 50 male patients with amphetamine and methamphetamine dependence, who had referred to addiction treatment clinic of Baharan psychiatry hospital in Zahedan, Eastern Iran, were studied. The participants were followed for 12 weeks. The random sampling method was used and patients were divided to two groups of modafinil receivers and placebo, based on blocks permutation. To evaluate the consumption of amphetamine/methamphetamine, urinary screening for methamphetamine was conducted in the beginning of the study and every week during the study period. The drug craving and level of dependence were measured by Visual Analogue Scale of Craving (VAS) and Addiction Severity Index (ASI), respectively. At the end of the follow-up period, data were analyzed using t-test and Chi-square test by SPSS ver. 18.ResultsThe mean age of the subjects was 29.5 ± 6.4 years. The results of urinary screening for methamphetamine were positive for 52.8% and 55.1% of the subjects in the modafinil receivers and placebo groups, respectively. The mean scores of drug craving were 76.2 ± 9.0 and 81.0 ± 8.2 for the modafinil receivers and placebo groups, respectively (P = 0.064). The mean of reduction in dependence level scores were 5.6 ± 2.7 and 2.0 ± 1.1 for the modafinil receivers and placebo groups, respectively (P = 0.001).ConclusionsThe results of the current study showed that modafinil was well-tolerated but not effective in reducing the level of consumption (number of negative urinary tests for amphetamine-methamphetamine). Modafinil was effective in reduction of severity addiction to amphetamine-methamphetamine.Keywords: Amphetamine, Methamphetamine, Dependence, Treatment -
Page 9BackgroundChronic Kidney Disease (CKD) and Diabetic Nephropathy (DN) are currently a major public health threat.ObjectivesThe objective of this paper is to define the leading causes of CKD and DN and their complications among Lebanese patients.
Patients andMethodsIn this study, 380 hemodialysis patients were included, regardless of their socioeconomic status or nationality.ResultsIn total, 89.5% of patients were over the age of 40. The main cause of CKD was hypertension (55.3%), followed by polycystic kidney disease and repeated urinary tract infections (34.2%). The nutritional analysis of patients dietary history showed that 52.6%, 31.6%, and 47.4% of patients exceeded their Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of protein, caffeine, and sodium, respectively. In terms of the consequences of CKD, men were more prone to anemia and water retention than women. However, women were more affected by cardiovascular disease and malnutrition. Concerning age, anemia was more prevalent in younger patients than in older ones.ConclusionsThe high prevalence of behavioral and pathological factors and the resulting consequences of CKD suggest a major awareness of the Lebanese population of the risks of chronic kidney disease and the necessity of the prevention of CKD by following a healthy lifestyle and managing any existing diseases.Keywords: Chronic Kidney Disease, Causes, Consequences -
Page 10BackgroundBullying among students is a problem with severe and unpleasant consequences for victims.ObjectivesThis research studied the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral group therapy on coping strategies and in reducing anxiety, depression, and physical complaints in student victims.
Patients andMethodsThis quasi-experimental study was conducted with a pretest-posttest control group. Data was collected using the Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire, Achenbachs Youth Self-Report (YSR), and Billings and Mouses Coping Strategies Scale. In total, 30 participants who achieved high scores on these questionnaires were randomly assigned to the experimental group or to the control group. The subjects of the experimental group were treated with cognitive-behavioral group therapy over 12 sessions of 90 minutes each. The subjects of the control group received no intervention. At the end of the cognitive-behavioral group therapy sessions, a posttest was implemented for both groups. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used to analyze the collected data.ResultsThe results showed that cognitive-behavioral group therapy reduced anxiety, depression, and physical complaints. In addition, it reduced emotion-focused coping strategies and increased problem-focused coping strategies in the experimental group (PConclusionsCognitive-behavioral group therapy along with the use of coping strategies can reduce anxiety, depression, and physical complaints in student victims of bullying.Keywords: Anxiety, Cognitive, Behavioral Therapies, Depression, Victims, Bullying -
Page 11BackgroundStudents with learning disabilities, in comparison to normal students, have relatively more problems.ObjectivesThe aim of the present study is to compare the social support, aggression and self-injurious behaviors in students with and without learning disabilities.
Patients andMethodsAll students with and without learning disabilities from secondary schools of Ardabil, Iran constitute the research population. Sixty students were randomly selected by cluster sampling. Ravens IQ Test, Social Support Scale, Aggression Questionnaire and Deliberate Self-harm Inventory were utilized for data collection. The MANOVA test also was applied for data analyzing.ResultsThe results of the present study indicated that students with learning disabilities, in comparison with normal students, have a inferior perceived social support and a higher rate of aggression as well as a higher self-injurious behavior. Analyses of regression also delineated that social support, physical aggression and verbal aggression can predict self-injurious behaviors in students with learning disabilities.ConclusionsLow social support and high aggression are two important factors which affect self-injurious behaviors in students with learning disabilities.Keywords: Social Support, Self, injurious Behavior, Learning Disabilities