نشریه قرآن پژوهی حسنا
پیاپی 31 (زمستان 1395)

Attributes of Allah is one of important issues in the field of unity of Allah and theology. Theologians and commentators have focused on numerous verses related to divine attributes and the quality of their expression in the Holy Quran since many years ago. Particularly the verses apparently belong to attributes of Allah the same as to creatures that these attributes imply on hand, foot, face, and eye. These verses have mainly been put in allegorical group by commentators and have been discussed as informative attributes or simile verses. Each of them have discussed theses verses based on their own criterion. As a result of thought domain and speech thoughts, having principles and beliefs bases, Shiite and Sunni commentators have adapted a special commentary method in simile verses during Islam history. Although they have presented a common commentary in many cases, different commentary texts have been analyzed in this research. Findings of the present research indicated that commentators who put allegorical verses along with unambiguous verses, and glorifying Allah from any defeat, simile, and embodiment by intellectual and traditional reasons and interpretation have had a more comprehensive and precise commentary in comparison with other commentators.

One of important principles in commentary of the Holy texts is meaningfulness or meaninglessness of religious statements to the extent that if such statements were meaningless and they just expressed believers’ emotions, it wouldn’t achieve precise and perfect understanding of divine verses by relying on them. But if such statements view meaningful, this aim will achieve. This issue has mainly been raised on the Old Testament and the New Testament. This has been reached to the Quran text by some contemporary writers. According to practical theory of meaning, every word in its application field views meaningful. As a result, religious statements in their application field will be meaningful. This research has been done by a library methodology and analyzing the data and various theories in the field of meaningfulness of Quranic statements. Different evidences have been applied in order to explain and to prove the meaningfulness of Quranic statements. These evidences are intra-textual (Quran & traditions) and extra-textual (intellectual & speech). Therefore, Quran statements are meaningful and near to reality.

A copy of the Holy Quran orthography is the same as orthography in writing the Quran’s words. According to most of Quranic intellectuals, this orthography is as old as the early writing of the Holy Quran in the Holy Prophet’s (SA) time that it was observed in the latter Quran writing in the first, third … caliph. There are theories on the nature of this orthography and orthography differences of Quranic similar words as follows: being confiscated (orthography differences are wisely and based on the order of Allah), being individual reasoning (orthography differences, spelling errors resulting from lack of attention or illiteracy of scribes of Revelation), and orthography including spelling traditions (orthography differences have been a common thing among various orthography of a copy of the Holy Quran). In addition to three above-mentioned theories, the fourth theory is the effect of recitation’s differences in forming orthography of a copy of the Holy Quran and its differences that they have been discussed in this paper. Some similar words with orthography differences and the way of recitation of ten-fold Quran reciters have been extracted by a descriptiveanalytic method and library tool in the present research. Findings of the research indicated that orthography of a copy of the Holy Quran has played an important role in forming weak and single recitations except Asem.

Over the history traditions related to occasions of Revelation have undergone ‘forge’ the same as other traditions. Forgery traditions have entered into this field the same as other fields of Hadith. The criteria of identifying forgery traditions are as follows: disagree with Quran, disagree with wisdom, disagree with consensus, weakness of document, and spiritual evidences. But in addition to aforementioned criteria, the important factors in forgery traditions related to occasions of Revelation are disagree with history, coordinate with the present schools, confusion of ‘Jari and Tatbigh’ with the occasions of revelation. By referring to some evidences, the author has showed that in this research.

Over time and by appearing Materialist schools in Europe and then in Islamic countries, Quran commentary went into a new direction so that commentators have been affected by these thoughts and periodical developments towards Quran commentary. These views gradually entered into Iran. Mahdi Bazargan is one of commentators who have shown this effect in his commentary. Bazargan has to a great extent allocated his commentary to the needs of period and doubts raised by periodical schools such as Liberalism, Darwinism, Communism, Marxism, and also, thoughts and theories raised by Modernism such as Democracy. Library and a descriptive-analytic method have been applied in this research. Also, it deals with Bazargan’s effectiveness of the present schools, and show that he has been affected by aforementioned thoughts by virtue of Quranic verses, some principles and opinions raised by Materialism schools and also with respect to his period’s developments.

‘Ghor’eh’ verses view as practical rules in social life of human being and as accepted rules in jurisprudential principles. This research is seeking to discuss not only different aspects of ‘Ghor’eh’ rule such as the reasons of accepting this rule, background of ‘Ghor’eh’, howness of its transitivity from previous law to Islamic law, application and effectiveness of ‘Ghor’eh’, but also it presents jurisprudential commentary of four-fold verses in which ‘Ghor’eh’ has been raised. Library method and studying special references and books about this subject have been approved by virtue of Quranic verses, Ahlul-Bayt’s (AS) tradition, consensus, and intellectuals’ base. Background of ‘Ghor’eh’ is as follows: in divine law and ignorance period, commentaries related to Ale-Imran: 44 in determining custodian for Maryam (AS), Maedeh: 3 & 90 in division properties in ignorance period, Saffat: 141 in rescue the ship carrying Younos (AS) along with applying Ahlul-Bayt (AS) verses will allow to do ‘Ghor’eh’ order with respect to methods supported by the Holy Quran. Two ways have been mentioned in howness of transitivity of edicts of other law into Islamic law: first, presumed continuity of lack of abrogation as two state, presumed continuity of edicts of Islamic law and presumed continuity of edicts of previous laws. Second is a pre-Islamic prescript.

Some commentators will increasingly achieve new and more precise results of the Quran because of the depth meanings of Quranic verses, not only without limiting Quran conception in methods and commentators’ view in the past, but also by applying new methods based on principles related to Quran commentary. One of these methods is Bayani’s method. Bent al-Shati has called his commentary “al-Tafsir al-Bayani” in order to show differences between his method and the past literary commentaries. The methods applying in the aforementioned commentary will present in this paper. The author has showed more precise findings in commentary of some surah in the last chapter of the Holy Quran. Systematic methods have been applied by the author in this commentary. These methods are as follows: the necessity of Quran commentary as subjective by his special style in all of related verses, applying traditions of the occasions of Revelation, explaining Quranic words in terms of the level of people understanding in the descent arena, the importance of style in understanding Quranic texts, the criterion of Quranic text in syntax, I’rab system to indicate pronunciation, and rhetorical discussions.