Internal Medicine Today
Volume:23 Issue: 3, 2017

Aims: Uncontrolled pain in human infants can lead to permanent damages, so it is important to manage pain for infants. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of breast milk smell on physiological and behavioral responses of the hepatitis B vaccine pain in newborns.
In this two-group randomized controlled clinical trial that was performed in 2015, in 9th of Dey Hospital of Torbat Heydarieh City, Iran, 60 three-day term healthy infants at an age that were supposed to receive the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine were selected by random sampling method and were assigned to 2 test (the breast milk smell) and control groups. In the experimental group, the infants were exposed to the breast milk smell during the vaccination and the control group received no intervention. Data was collected by the checklist of demographic information, registration form of physiological responses and behavioral pain tools (MBPS). Physiological data (heart rate and oxygen saturation) was recorded immediately before and after the intervention by pulse oximeter. Data was analyzed by SPSS 20 statistical software using independent and paired T tests.
Findings: There were no significant differences between the control and the test groups in terms of heart rate mean and oxygen saturation mean before the intervention (p>0.05), but significant differences were observed between them after the intervention (p Olfactory stimulation with breast milk has a positive effect on reducing the neonatal pain during hepatitis B vaccination.

Aims: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most prevalent cause of irreversible blindness and debilitating in old stages, in developed and developing countries that engage the central part of the retina or macula. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship of the rs4151667 position of the complement factor B gene polymorphism with AMD (dry type with geographic atrophy phenotype) in the North East of Iran population.
­­ In this descriptive cross-sectional study in 2015-2016, 44 AMD patients (dry type with geographic atrophy phenotype) were randomly selected from Gonabad City, Iran, health centers as the patient group. 50 healthy individuals from the same society that have no relative relations with each other or the patients, but were adapted by age and sex to the patient group, were selected as the control group. The ­­polymorphism of rs4151667 (c.26T>A)­ position of the complement factor B gene was determined for all samples by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP). Data was analyzed the Chi-square test in 2x2.Contingency software.
Findings: The frequency of TT genotype in AMD patients (95.5%) was significantly (p=0.048) more than the control group (88.0%), but the frequency of AT genotype in AMD patients (4.5%) was significantly (p=0.025) less than the control group (12.0%).
The polymorphism of rs4151667 (c.26T>A) position of complement factor B is effective on the development of AMD in North East of Iran population.

Aims: The effects of Tai Chi exercises on the ratio of testosterone and cortisol are less clear, but available research evidences show that aerobic or endurance exercises (as Tai Chi is an aerobic exercise) can affect the ratio of these two hormones and the total amounts. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Tai Chi exercises on the amounts of testosterone and cortisol and also the ratio of serum testosterone to –cortisol in women.
In this quasi-experimental and sectional study in 2015, 42 Tai Chi women were purposefully selected from clubs in Tehran City, Iran, and were divided based on their experience into 3 groups (14 each); the first (6 to 12 months), the second (30 to 42 months) and the third (52 to 64 months). Venous blood samples were taken from all groups after 12 hours of overnight fasting to determine the levels of cortisol, testosterone and testosterone to cortisol ratio. Data were analyzed by SPSS 19 statistical software using non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis, ANOVA and Scheffe post hoc tests.
Findings: There were no significant differences among the three groups according to the mean of serum testosterone, cortisol and testosterone to cortisol ratio (p>0.05).
The history of exercise in Tai Chi women has no effect on the levels of testosterone and serum cortisol and also their ratio.

Aims: Changes in adolescence stage, which is the most critical periods of life, predispose the adolescents towards various psychological problems. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the meta-cognitive aspects of body dysmorphic based on personality dimensions between Behavioral Activation System (BAS) and Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) in adolescents.
Instrument & In this retrospective (causal/comparative) descriptive study in ..., 60 male and female high school students of Arak City, Iran, were selected by multistage cluster sampling method. Samples were assigned to 4 groups of 15 individuals according to their standard scores in brain/behavior systems scale; High Behavioral Activation System (HBAS), Low Behavioral Activation System (LBAS), High Behavioral Inhibition System (HBIS) and Low Behavioral Inhibition System (LBIS). The body dysmorphic questionnaire was filled by all participants. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance, univariate analysis of variance and Scheffe tests.
Findings: There were significant differences among 4 groups’ scores in metacognitive physical deformity (p Physical deformities metacognitive are affected by personality dimensions in both behavioral activation and inhibition systems.

Aims: Using anabolic androgenic steroids by athletes has significant side effects on sex hormones and the reproductive system. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 6 weeks of resistance exercise and Boldenone supplements on the expression of 5-alpha reductase and aromatase genes of the testis tissue in Wistar rats.
Material & In this experimental study, thirty 12-week old male Wistar rats with the average weight of 195.00±7.94 grams were divided randomly into 5 groups; control, sham, Boldenone supplements (2mg per each kilogram of body weight), resistance exercise and Boldenone exercise. Resistance exercise program was 5 sessions of climbing the ladder each week (3 sets of 5 repeats) for 6 weeks that was started by 50% of one maximum repetition and reached 100% at the end. The level of 5-alpha reductase and aromatase genes expression were measured after the anesthesia and the removal of the testes tissue in the samples. Data was analyzed by paired T, ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests by using SPSS 22 software.
Findings: The average weight of all groups’ mice were significantly increased in week 6 comparing to the first week (p=0.0001). There was significant increasing in 5-alpha-reductase expression in Boldenone and Boldenone exercise than the control group and also in the Boldenone exercise than resistance exercise group after the intervention. There was significant increasing in aromatase gene expression in resistance exercise and Boldenone exercise groups than the control group (p Boldenone supplement along with 6 weeks of resistance exercise increases the levels of 5-alpha reductase and aromatase genes expression in testis tissue of Wistar rats.

Aims: Several studies indicate high levels of alexithymia and impulsive behavior in schizophrenia patients. The aim of this study was to compare the aspects of alexithymia and impulsive behavior in schizophrenia patients and healthy individuals.
In this causal-comparative study in 2016, 30 male schizophrenia patients, which were hospitalized at Razi Psychiatric Hospital of Tabriz City, Iran were selected randomly and 30 students of Tabriz University, Iran were selected by available sampling method and finally were divided into 2 groups. The research tools were Toronto alexithymia and Barratt impulsiveness scales. Data were analyzed by SPSS 20 software using independent T, Chi-square, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), and LSD post hoc tests.
Findings: The average scores of alexithymia and its components (disruptions in describing feelings, disruptions in identifying feelings and thoughts towards the surface) and impulsive behavior and its components (cognitive impulsivity, motor impulsivity and non-planning) in schizophrenic patients were significantly more than the normal group (p Schizophrenic patients show high levels of alexithymia and impulsive behavior comparing to the normal individuals.

Aims: Following the peripheral nervous system trauma, prescribing anti-inflammatory agents is one of the strategies to control the damage and promoting the recovery process. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of methylprednisolone on improvement of motor function and tissue changes following sciatic nerve transection and repairing by decellularized scaffolds transplantation in rats.
In this experimental study, 50 adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups of 10; negative control group (receiving no medication with transection of the sciatic nerve), sham group (nerve-mediated surgery with solvent drug), experimental groups 1 and 2 (transection of the sciatic nerve and scaffold transplantation with 1- and 30mg/kg of methylprednisolone intraperitoneally) and experimental group 3 (transection of the sciatic nerve and scaffold transplantation with solvent drug). Behavioral, electrophysiological and tissue tests were performed during the experiment. Data were analyzed by SPSS 16 software and using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests.
Findings: the rate of repair and improvement of motor function was increased significantly in the treated groups with methylprednisolone compared to the control group (p The prescription of methylprednisolone increases the amount of motor improvement and tissue repair after the sciatic nerve transection and the decellularized scaffold transplantation. Recovery of the motor and tissue functions at high dose of methylprednisolone is better than low dose.

Aims: Oppositional defiant disorder that occurs in pre-school or early school-age children and in pre-adolescent stage has a widespread impact on the child, family, teachers and society. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of mindful parenting education program on reducing the anxiety and parent-child conflict and increasing the self-agency of parenting in mothers who have oppositional defiant disorder daughters.
This semi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest control group was performed during 2015-2016 academic year in 34 mothers of primary school girl students of Noorabad City, Iran, who were suffering from oppositional defiant disorder. The samples were selected by purposeful clustering method and were randomly divided into 2 test and control groups (each had 17 members). The research tools were Child Behavioral Logbook and Teacher Report Form, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Conflict Strategy and Parent Self-efficacy Questionnaires. Mindfulness-based parenting educational program was conducted for the experimental group one 2-hour session a week for 2 months. Data were analyzed by SPSS 23 software using MANCOVA test.
Findings: The average of total anxiety, parent-child conflict and parental self-efficacy scores were higher in the experimental group in posttest. After controlling the effect of pre-test scores, there were significant differences between the test and control groups in terms of all variables (p Mindfulness-based parenting educational program reduces the anxiety and parent-child conflict and increases the parental self-efficacy in mothers with oppositional defiant disorder.

Aims: Patients undergoing artificial ventilation require tracheal tube suction because of inability to clear their effective airways, which is usually a painful process for the patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of spike lavender’s inhalant on pain during tracheal tube suctioning in ICU intubated patients.
In this double-blinded randomized clinical trial, 60 intubated patients hospitalized in ICU of Shahid Modarres Hospital of Kashmar City, Iran, in 2017 were selected by available and simple sampling method, and were randomly divided into 2 control and case groups (each 30 individuals). Before the standard suctioning process, the test group patients received inhalant of 2% spike lavender for 5 minutes and the control group received inhalant of distilled water. The level of pain was recorded before and during tracheal tube suctioning. Data were analyzed by SPSS 16 software using independent T, paired T, Fisher and Mann-Whitney U tests.
Findings: There was no significant difference in pain score before tracheal tube suction between 2 groups (p>0.05). However, there were significant differences between the level of pain during tracheal tube suctioning and the pain was increased in both groups, but this increase was significantly higher in the control group (p Spike lavender’s inhalant is effective on pain reduction during suctioning process of ICU intubated patients.

Aims: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a result of the destruction of myelin cells in the central nervous system, which can damage the motor system, increase fatigue and decrease the daily activity of life. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of 10 weeks of aerobic exercise in water on the levels of chemerin, insulin and serum insulin resistance in women with (MS).
In the semi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test design with control group in 2015, 29 MS female patients were selected through available and targeted sampling method and were divided into two experimental groups (n = 15) and control (n = 14). The aerobic exercise program included 10 weeks of aerobic exercise in water, each week 3 sessions, and each session for 45 to 60 minutes with an intensity equal to 60 to 75% of the maximum heart rate. Chromic and serum insulin values were measured before and after the end of the aerobic exercise period. Data were analyzed by SPSS 20 software using two-way ANOVA and paired T tests.
Findings: 10-week aerobic exercise program in water resulted in a significant decrease in average of chemerin levels (p=0.01), fasting glucose (p=0.03), insulin (p=0.04) and insulin resistance (p=0.01) in women with (MS), but there was no significant difference in mean body mass and body mass index (p 10 weeks of aerobic exercise in water leads to lower levels of chemerin, insulin and serum insulin resistance in women with MS.

Aims: Many psychological factors have an impact on diabetes, one of the most important of which is the self-efficacy of diabetic patients. Mindfulness and emotional self-regulation are two components that affect on self-efficacy. The aim of the study was to investigate the mediator role of emotional self-regulation in the relationship between mindfulness and self-efficacy in the patients with type 2 diabetes who referred to the diabetes center of Yazd City, Iran.
In the descriptive-correlational study in 2016, 243 patients with type 2 diabetes from diabetes center of Yazd were selected as available. The data collection tool was a diabetic self-efficacy questionnaire, mindfulness and emotional self-regulation.Diabetic self-efficacy questionnaire, Freiburg’s mindfulness questionnaire, and Hoffman and Kashdan emotional self-regulation have been used for the purpose of data collection. Data was analyzed by SPSS software using Pearson correlation coefficient, regression analysis and multiple regression analysis.
Findings: There was a direct correlation between mindfulness and self-efficacy (r=0.428), mindfulness and emotional self-regulation (r=0.231) and self-efficacy and emotional self-regulation (r=0.241) in the diabetic patients. Also, variables of emotional self-regulation and mindfulness had the power of predicting self-efficacy, because of emotional self-regulation had a mediator role between self-efficacy and mindfulness (p Mindfulness and emotional self-regulation are related to the self-efficacy of diabetic patients, which is a mediator role in the relationship between emotional self-regulation and self-control.

Aims: Conditioned medium of mesenchymal stem cells have a positive effect on repairing damaged tissues because of having metabolites, growth factors and cytokines. The aim of current study was to investigate the healing effect of conditioned medium of adipose tissue-derived stem cells on histomorphometric changes of testis in treated mice with busulfan.
In this experimental study, 18 adult male mice were divided into the three equal groups including control group (Without treatment), azoospermia sham and experimental groups. The sham and experimental groups were induced azoospermia by two injection of 10 mg/kg busulfan intraperitoneally, with 21 days interval. 35 days after the second injection of busulfan, the experimental group treated with conditioned medium of adipose tissue-derived stem cells, and 60 days after conditioned medium injection, the testes of mice were removed and histomorphometric evaluation was done. The results were analyzed by SPSS 18 software using Mann-Whitney, ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc-test.
Findings: The lumen diameter and area of the seminiferous tubules in the three groups did not have any significant difference; however, the total diameter, cellular diameter, cellular area, cross-sectional area and spermatogenesis index of the seminiferous tubules were significantly decreased in the experimental group compared to the control group (p˂0.05), while they were significantly increased compared to the azoospermia sham group (p˂0.001). Also, the number of tubules and numerical density of the seminiferous tubules were significantly increased in the azoospermia sham compared to the control and experimental groups (p˂0.001).
Secretory factors of conditioned medium from adipose tissue-derived stem cells could be effective in the restoration of spermatogenesis in busulfan-induced infertile mice.