فصلنامه حکمت و فلسفه
سال دوازدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 48، زمستان 1395)

Roman Ingarden (1893-1970) is considered as the founder of ontology of art. Having been influenced by Husserl phenomenological doctrines, Ingarden argues that work of art and aesthetic object are ontologically two different entities. The work of art is ontically similar to other real objects while the aesthetic object has an intentional nature which is constituted by intentional acts in the consciousness of the audience. Classical music ontology is twofold: on the one hand, the musical work is identical with the score and, on the other, it finds its concretization during the performance. The ontology of literary work of art is layered and manifests plurality of its structure. According to Ingarden, every work of art has spaces of indeterminacy which are fulfilled by the audiences through their aesthetic experiences. The audience completes these spaces through the concretization. Thus, the perception of the work of art necessitates the active participation of the audience in an intersubjective manner.

By generalizing and developing Richards’s view and by counting limitations of both the substitution and comparison theories, Max Black explains his interaction theory of metaphor. Words in Blacks view, interact in a metaphorical expression to produce a meaning that is the result of this interaction. Black analyzes this interaction as an interaction between the framework and focus of metaphor in which framework, by providing a unique context to focus, imposes an extension of meaning to the focus word. The focus word acquires a new meaning from this interaction. This article is intended to provide a comprehensive and clear study of interaction theory.

The present study investigates the citation behavior in published articles in the Journal of Philosophy and wisdom in the period 1384 to 1393. Firstly, in this analysis, we have a statistical analysis of the reference sections or bibliography of articles, the average number of citations, types of scientific items, the linguistic status of references, author self-citation, journal self-Citation and articles dedicated research areas.
According to above statistical analysis conducted in this paper, at the conclusion of this study, we present and expose ten qualitative analysis in areas such as innovation, bibliometric analysis and research ethics is supplied. The authors reviewed here, as with many other areas of the humanities and even more of them, to write their works primarily rely on books, then articles and other scientific items. But, the result of our literature review derived from citation studies of philosophy and humanities in English articles, is different. Therefore, the special results and unique analysis and survey in research ethics is obtained. In addition, certain relation between the Iranian philosophical productions with categories such as "innovation", "team working" in the fields of humanities, as well as more theoretical knowledge than we have established a global production

After several centuries of confrontation between Islam and the West, the question "What can be done to get rid of degeneration?” is the main concern for Muslim thinkers. Every thinker, by providing specific way, have on the head the concern of the revival of Muslim traditions, and thus a variety of solutions have emerged. One of these solutions belongs to Mohammed Abed al-Jabri, new rationalist thinker from Morocco. According to Abed al-Jabri, Muslim communities, due to the negligence of the tradition of Ibn Rushd and the lack of criticism in the past legacy, live in decadence and backwardness. Arabic wisdom (not necessarily Islamic intellect), has a particular structures that distinguishes it from Western sense. Relying on Islamic traditions and modern reading of the philosophy of Andalusia – especially Ibn Rushd- can answer the Muslim’s "What can be done to get rid of degeneration" question in the modern age. In his view, Ibn Rushd's thought, separated the religion and philosophy, and made the political and ideological tolerance desirable, saw criticism as a factor for prosperity, considered wisdom and religion having their own functions, and introduced wisdom as a tool for criticism. Thus, he believed it necessary to have a new reading of philosophy of Morocco and Andalusia to revive the intellectual traditions.

Visibility, as a key factor in Foucault’s analyses, had a major role in his thought. It is represented in three ways in his studies: as visual descriptions, as a principle in formation of knowledge, and as a technology of power. Although Foucault’s emphasis on visual descriptions made some scholars considering him as a visual philosopher, by contrast, his revealing of visibility-power relation, induced others to describe him as an opponent of ocularcentrism and believe that Foucault uses “vision” for “denigration of vision”. Thus, this article, by clarifying Foucault’s approach to “vision” and “visibility”, tries to represent a subtle image of visibility-power relation in his thought. In this article, we will discuss that, although the importance of visibility and vision is perceptible in Foucault’s very first works, but it’s in his genealogies which the relation power-visibility and its role in human subjectivation are highlighted. Power, on the one hand, make visibilities and, on the other hand, these visibilities make power analysis, power exercise, and even intervening in power, possible, in turn. Power, in royal as well as modern societies made profit of visibilities; by displaying its glory, hiding itself, and surveillance. Foucault, emphasizing on visibilities of different eras and its relation to power, tries to show us all the ways of visibility are not possible in any given era, and there are limitations in what we can see.

There are at leastthree different approaches to self-referential in the tradition of analytic philosophy including Russellian approach, positivistian, approachand Wittgensteinian approach. Each of these approaches have suggested distinct solution for the self-referential problem. Among themthe Wittgensteinian one has caused much debate. The penultimate Phrase of Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (6.54) says that all terms are meaningless, Including himself.This self-referential puts the audience of Tractatus in the paradoxical situation.This self-referential puts the audience of Tractatus in the paradoxical situation.Wittgenstein, by invent ion of the concept of ladder wants to escape from t he self-referential. Of the two interpretations, Resolute Reading and Ineffability Reading have addressed this topic. They try to give text bay consistent readivg of the interpreting the word "nonsense". But these two interpretations to each other through the criticism seems to be basically self-referential approach to resolve the crisis Wittgensteinian not help.But leveling criticism by these two interpretations to each other shows that basically self-referential approach is incapabel to resolve this crisis.